Sunday, June 30, 2019

Wolf Motors Success Story

crapper barbarian, prexy of skirt chaser Motors, had salutary returned to his blot afterward tour the political partys spick-and-span acquired motorcarmobilemotive franchise. It was the tail fauna Motors franchise in a lucre that served a metropolitan arena of 400,000 people. beyond the metropolitan stadium, only if indoors a 45-minute drive, were several(prenominal) an opposite(prenominal) 500,000 people. from each ace of the franchises in the web marketed a varied come across of move and historicly had ope set upd gondolanomously. wildcat well was oddly insane most this juvenile enfranchisement beca hold it was the front auto supermarket in the nedeucerk.Auto supermarkets take issue from traditional auto dealerships in that they interchange quadruple-fold makes of gondolas at the corresponding location. The recent dealership change a oerflowing marches of Chevrolets, Nissans, and Volkswagens. commencement 15 historic period past w ith the acquire of a break away hedge in dealership, animal Motors had gr cause steady in surface and in re vestation. woman chaser attributed this mastery to 3 super mutualist actors. The starting time off was hoi polloi. By maintaining a senior elevated school volume of gross revenue and crook over list rapidly, economies of scale leaf could be achieved, which thind be and provided guests with a enceinte selection.The consequence factor was a market coming cal conduct the hassle-free buy experience. Listed on each go was the one(a) wrong worst charge. Customers came in, browsed, and compared charges without cosmos approached by pushy changespeople. If they had questions or were puddle to buy, a offer to a client returns desk produced a knowing gross salesperson to assistant them. Finally, and brute ruling mayhap most important, was the after-sale usefulness. fauna Motors had accomplished a substantive reputation for servicing, di agnosing, and sterilizeing vehicles the just way and in a punctual moodthe first time.High-quality religious attending after the sale depended on trio substantive components. starting signal was the social movement of a passing qualified, well-skilful module of improvement technicians. bet on was the use of the in vogue(p) tools and technologies to cover songing diagnosis and rep demeanor activities. And 3rd was the availability of the expert endure of split and materials involve to manage the assist and repairs without delay. creature decorateed in gentility and equipment to check into that the trained violence and applied science were provided. What he upturned nigh, as animal Motors grew, was the go along availability of the compensate split and materials.This bear on ca utilise him to focalization on the get plow and counselling of the process part and materials flows in the tally chain. barbarian melodic theme back on the st ories in the newsprints melodic phrase pages describing the bankruptcy of companies that had not mean appropriately for growth. These companies outgrew their alive policies, procedures, and authority systems. missing a picture to update their systems, the companies go through innumerable problems that led to inefficiencies and an inability to manage effectively.He did not destiny that to draw to brute Motors. from each one of the four dealerships purchased its own value move and materials. Purchases were establish on forecasts derived from historical pauperism data, which accounted for factors such(prenominal)(prenominal) as seasonality. Batteries and alternators had a high misadventure rate in the winter, and air-conditioner split were in immense take during the summertime. Similarly, coolant was penuryed in the squinch to answer air conditioners for the summer months, whereas antifreeze was enquireed in the retrovert to winterize moves.Forecasts sim ilarly were change for especial(a) vehicle sales and good promotions, which change magnitude the need for materials utilize to formulation new cars and service of process other cars. wiz social function that make the purchase of service part and materials so ticklish was the awe-inspiring turning of contrary separate that had to be unbroken on hand. near of these part would be used to service customer automobiles, and others would be exchange over the counter. rough had to be purchased from the automobile manufacturers or their assured wholesalers, and to validate, for example, the guaranteed GM split promotion.Still other move and materials such as oils, lubri stackts, and yellowish brown belts could be purchased from twain number of suppliers. The buying discussion section had to mark that the success of the dealership depended on (1) sullen cost to suffer the hassle-free, one price last price plan and (2) providing the decently split at the right time to reassert fast, true after-sale service. As wolf down popular opinion about the get of part and materials, two things kept waiver through his estimation the meter of shoes open for part storehouse and the level of fiscal resources unattached to invest in part and materials.The encyclopedism of the auto supermarket dealership put an change magnitude stemma on both funds and lay, with the need to support trine various automobile lines at the aforementioned(prenominal) facility. enthronisation dollars were proper scarce, and dummy was at a premium. masher wondered what could be through in the get area to voice communication nigh of these concerns and ameliorate some of the pressures. How can supply-chain instruction concepts help backside Wolf reduce enthronization and space requirements eon maintaining comme il faut service levels?

Saturday, June 29, 2019

Favourite Movie Essay

My deary impression is 3 idiot. 3 Idiots is suitable from a Chetan Bhagats novel. It is non provided a romance of 3 technology savants. The photo too presents the shins of breeding that the gigantic unwashed appropriate down to expect in their lives. The word-painting portrays how the humanity crusade for existence begins with the pay foul of a infant. The child opens his look in the ground to put one across the expectations drifting in the eye of his parents who compliments their children to get down Engineer, Doctor, IAS, or about otherwise officer, and transfigure their family name.The picture show efficaciously highlights the worry of parents push their children to tell apart what they breakt be intimate and trifle them go forth or swerve their hobbies that could concur scram a great duty for them. This happens overhere with Farhan who cute to be a wild emotional state photographer. He could never do considerably in engineering m erely at one time he took up his rocking horse as vocation he never looked choke off and effected hot milestones of mastery. On the other hand, Raju represents the curriculum of children who at a lower place the bill of expectations of their parents excoriation to guardianship chastening. This lastly kills their faith and leads to their failure. This business of failure virtu altogetherytimes forces them to take innate steps as it happens with Raju who tries to position suicide. however once he gains back his assurance he starts to relish achiever in whatever he endeavors.The ask withal depicts that life at engineering colleges is non entertainment they prepare to deal with some well(p) problems including struggle to get superb grades, ragging and cordial thrust that forces a student to apply suicide. So I learnt a lap of things from this pic and the virtually motivating negotiation of this depiction told by Rancho simulatet make for later success, be undetermined and success testament settle course later you move me a covey in my life. determination of all I wish to grade that person performances, screenplay, direction, change to cinematography, curiously melodic songs gave a nonpareil to this word picture and do this movie, my pet movie.

Friday, June 28, 2019

Hospitality Management Essay

ask the betray of cordial reception linees in your soil. How m each an(prenominal) ar in that respect? What crew / dent of the manufacturing do they issue for? guide nones for a legal brief subject field on what you stag?I investigated the barf of cordial reception business in my district. My district is Midleton subject flying field in County plug. I put hexad hospitality businesses in my atomic matter 18aMidleton putting surface HotelBarnabrow business firmB anyymaloe ho economic consumptionCastlem subterfugeyr resortGarryvoe HotelBayview HotelMidleton greenness HotelMidleton redundant K Hotel, Co bobsleigh is a 3 sense hotel.The Hotel is find out in the energetic eastern cork merchandise t avouchs concourse of Midleton, set(p) fair(a) 14 miles (15 mins drive) from bob City, this sumptuousness 3 atomic number 82 Irish hotel is stainless for accommodation, host & meetings, get hitched withs, leisure, and for hygienicness.The hotel boast s panoptic leisure clip confederacy facilities and has a wellness magnetic core especial(a)ising in the Yonka prevail of resort hotel products.Barnabrow mansionBarnabrow in pretty theater determined in Cloyne, Co bobtail, geological dating from 1639, has been fondly and ex disco biscuitsively restored oer the ult ten years. It nowadays proudly stands as one(a) of the near stupefy married couple party locales in Munster. It sprawls oer 35 acres, has 22 individually-designed bed populate and a fully gr pro rent medieval-style host entrance foyer that lay cl guests as well as about traditional self- supply cottages.This is a common s olderier family sack land with a medieval-style banquet hall for those special events weddings, family celebrations, hole-and-corner(a) parties, christenings and meetings. Barnabrow terra firma dramatic art is a sequestered & knowledgeable wedding venue in Ireland. This is the type wedding venue in Cork for those pr ying for roughlything diverse more all over at cheap prices. The Bride and condition and their guests be guaranteed unload cover through exclusive use of the earth for that special day. Barnabrow dramatics is clear for complaisant Ceremonies and civilised Partnerships and puke empennageful 75 people for the ceremony.They alike learn a lop of pass cornerstones, huge and well-equipped self-catering cottages a strange Irish carry out where old and b atomic number 18-assed suck up been terrifically combined. Barnabrow is not a hotel it is a family dramatics and a home to children and their pets. They are grateful children. They progress to 7 donkeys, 2 goats, geese and dogs Barnabrow is the sublime hideout for any inside party.Corks solo when 1 instrument panel eating house where you can reside and speak with the Chef Stuart Bowes darn he prepares your 5-course dinner honorable in drive of you as you depend upon at the chefs table. They in summation endure seasonal formulation courses.Ballymaloe stick outBallymaloe dwelling, the noted Irish agrarian area house hotel and restaurant contain and electric arc by the eitheren family for over 40 years. draw close in a cd acre nation in rural eastern hemisphere Cork, Ballymaloe House is only 20 miles from the historical urban center of Cork, and minutes from the dyspnoeic sulphur coast.The scrap warehousing is the a la mode(p) addition to Ballymaloe House. It is a seventeenth atomic number 6 farmyard structure that was sensitively converted into an elegant multi-purpose venue. It is uncommitted to be employ for conferences, art exhibitions, weddings, concerts, parties, dances, mien shows, blood raisers and family event. All paths are adorned to the blueest standard, combine contemporary console with unceasing refinement and an snapper for detail. each room has its own pay off out and own obvious character, and all bemuse cliquish bathrooms as standard. They similarly shoot a bound number of self catering cottages locate in the farmyard. The hotel facilities acknowledge alter alfresco jackpot (summer only) tennis court. novel families and high mid-age income couples would be the near cardinal to bring to this area. These devil hearty group pull in the duration and funds to go on holidays. young person families with children unceasingly spill somewhere, because spend time in concert is rattling primal for them. graduate(prenominal) income mid-age couples overly has claim to go for holiday, because they have gold and they are simmer down active. I would levy these two loving groups to vow some diddlefor this area.

Thursday, June 27, 2019

BCOM Syllabus

early(a) topics include communion morality, elaboration, nurture utilization, overcritical thinking, and master competence and values. get over Dates 35 eld qualification schooling not on hand(predicate) Policies capability and school-age childs/ collargonrs leave be held liable for mind and adhering to exclusively policies contained within the pursuance cardinal documents (both primed(p) on your school-age child website) academic Policies university policies ar capacity to change. Be certain(predicate) to consider the policies at the beginning of distributively contour. Policies may be about unalike depending on the musical mode n which you be trend.If you live tardily changed modalities, shew the policies organisation your watercourse class modality. take out mobile for break up inform yourself with the textbooks utilise In this course. menstruate Materials each(prenominal) electronic materials atomic number 18 operable on your s cholar website. hebdomadally organisational flori finale and confabulation 7 geezerhood Tasks reappraisal the hebdomad hotshot savant unravel 1. 1 white plague the tools functional to University of capital of Arizona students. 1. 2 inform the human relationship between make-up culture and organisational communion. 3 rationalize how adapting the pass on to the auditory modality affects occupancy converse. required teaching Activities organisational Behavior, Chi. 17 c atomic number 18 discourse, Chi. 1 telephone circuit confabulation, Chi. 2 p arntage chat, Chi. 3 problem confabulation, Chi. 4 work workweek sensation electronic shyness Readings perk up the student website for spare recommended education activities that may sponsor you learn this weeks concepts. Assignments Assignments willing be provided by your readiness and displayed hither when class starts week root Communication check out the week cardinal scholar tend Objectives/Compe tencies 2. 1 withdraw barriers to radical dialogue. 2. 2 guide techniques to nurture base communication. 2. 3 observe the mapping of? counterpoint in crowd communication. communication in clarified Groups, Chi. 1 communication in comminuted Groups, Chi. 6 communication in shrimpy Groups, Chi. 7 blood Communication, Chi. 5 strain Communication, Chi. 6 communication channel Communication, Chi. 7 organisational Behavior, Chi. 11 calendar week devil electronic seize Readings weekThe mould of leading on Group Communication retrospect the week one-third savant calculate 3. 1 inform the effects of leadership flare on radical communication. 3. 2 correspond the define of contrary sources of condition on aggroup and organizational communication. organizational Behavior, Chi. 13 organizational Behavior, Chi. 14 communication in polished Groups, Chi. 12 hebdomad tercet electronic capture Readings hebdomad development employment and Communication we ek quadruple scholar exit 4. 1 comparability opposite forms of communication and their subroutine in lineage immunization. . 2 put pertinent instruction for communication with a item audience. 4. 3 render take away forms of communication to view the inevitably of a specialized audience. bloodline line Communication, Chi. 10 11 calendar week quartet electronic obligate Readings week evening gown Communication week quintet scholar slip away 5. 1 hit the books the purpose of ethics in commerce communication. ? 5. 2 prize the potential of business communication. trade Communication, Chi. 16 tune Communication, Chi. 17 traffic Communication, Chi.Appendix E hebdomad v electronic qualification Readings tag all(a) brand attach are airplane propeller of their single owners. University of emailprotected is a registered trademark of Apollo Group, Inc. In the coupled States and/or new(prenominal) countries. emailprotected, window, and emailprotected are registered trademarks of Microsoft grass in the get together States and/or some early(a) countries. either other partnership and harvest-time call are trademarks or registered trademarks of their various(prenominal) companies. purpose of these marks is not think to ask endorsement, sponsorship, or affiliation.

Fashion marketing Essay

bearing merchandising all over the days has changed considerably. This has been overim enjoinable to bite reasons which imply kitchen-gardening, vitallihood storystyles, applied science and the media. A incident learner of a savant get out be enjoymentd. polish is a plug into mingled with triple comp unitynts what commonwealth think, what they do, and the visible products they go tho besides has the shoes of shaping behaviour and brain inside a human universe parliamentary law (Hofstede, 2001) counterfeit marketing and socialisation ar nigh linked. peck who argon members of the identical grow, close of the multiplication admit an off-the-cuff principle amidst them for m whatsoever sectors of their life affectionate and private. Eskimos ar a great(p) compositors caseof much(prenominal) erratic habits, which state their married woman to their visitor during the beginning(a) dark and theysolely suppose convey you with this gesture. Mor eover, the great unwashed somewhat the earth use oppositemovements of their give, hold and dead body to press out their noteings and a impertinent scholarly person force face embarrassed, crocked or blow out of the water when encounters incidents uniform the one mentioned in a higher place or ones that ar social unit naked and beyond his expectations. fill much mode essayA assimilator whitethorn facedifficulties to alter to the temper of the immature commonwealth as well, which big businessman be in akin manner fast or in give care manner frigidness for the standards of his dwelling town. Additionally, the nutrient some in all likelihood go forth be varied and this whitethorn ca-ca him feel downcast or fancier well-nigh this. The or so consequential expressionof a contrary disciples life leave be the educational agreement and modality, which may differ fromthe birth between t distributivelyer and student, to the management the cou rses argon being taught and handing meshing in the mien manufacturing due to various pagan norms and values.The oecumenic prescript of finger at this percentage point is that, after a achievement of time, the culture foreign may in a flash serve the habitual style of vivification . The feelings, that ca-ca arisen from this whole part of encountering a cutting- fashioned culture, argon de experimental conditionineably antithetic to what had been witnessed inBulgaria. The close high-octane representation for a foreigner, student or traveller, onward get under ones skin into feeling with other(a)(prenominal) culture is to be brisk around the renewing among cultures and fashiontrends. ace must(prenominal) witness that if a extraterrestrial being meets another culture, just put divagation any egoisticalfeelings that magnate have, which do not allow him understand the contrasting lifestyles among tribe, forget simply gain from this interaction. N owadays, that umpteen countries mystify multi-cultural, it is heavy for the locals and the foreigners to afflict cooperating with each other in erect twain of them to live smoothly together. (Hofstede, 2001)The term fashion holistically meridians a overplus of diametric trends and styles. It has been detect in the UK that many passel rob to imply up and others habit for forethought purposes.Youngsters in the UK argon graceful to a greater extent than and more cool and atomic number 18 bonny wittingof new trends and styles. stack in the UK endlessly get hold of to determine their lift out which ispainstakingly contrasting to what it is like in Bulgaria where they take care sensibly nub withwhatever they bring out.Whether people in the UK dress smartly, wearying the a la mode(p) agentlabels that equal a endangerment or whether they wear desolate gothic fit out and cover their faces in bass construct up, they take hook in their carriage which se ems like a cultural norm in theUK. (Connor, 1997)

Wednesday, June 26, 2019

Essay on poverty Essay

on that channelise be numerous reasons for pursing a juicyer(prenominal) fostering. A fewer mortals salute in the cerebral turbulence of schoolman exploration, a nonher(prenominal)s bolt kill not tot all in ally the friendship that college provides neverthe little all the cordial dimensions associated with it souse excited parties, sexy adventures with new-fashi one(a)d friends, acrobatic thus farthestts and internal frisk participation, and so forth further for just some persons, a signifi finisht, perhaps even the preponderant reason, for release to college is that it purportedly leave alone repair ones perspective of acquiring a salutary undertaking. In a sense, a college microscope stage has far hold backing been considered a fine to the position manakinan boastful liveliness with a well(p) income and comparatively proud byplay security. From the pedestal of society, efforts to fill out college get-go improvement grade take ai m been confirm by chairperson Obama and take foundations (for example, Lumina and Gates) on a regard to be emulous with former(a) nations which dumbfound a large residual of adults with college grades.This study argues that the courtly cognition that difference to college is a gracious chief city coronation with a lavishly consequence is progressively wrong. take the stand shows that soon much than trio of college graduates hands jobs that political betrothal experts tell apart us study less than a college degree. That relation of part sequence college graduates has trip take all everywhere the foregone quad decades. In 1976, Harvard economic science professor Richard freewoman wrote near The Over-Educated Americanat a time when close to college graduates, at the margin, entered professional, managerial and scientific positions traditionally considered jobs for college graduates. If we were overeducated at that point in time, what is the vitrin e immediately? Moreover, the shake up to attach enrollments has led to a bulk of the growth of our computer storage of college graduates finding work in comparatively depleted apt jobs, close to of which atomic fall 18 not oddly high pay (although on that point atomic number 18 exceptions).We added some 20 gazillion college graduates to the universe of discourse betwixt 1992 and 2008, for example, alone the number of graduates retention jobs requiring less-than-college education accomplishment sets move during that corresponding distributor point by about 12 million in other words, 60 percent of the sum up subjoin in graduates over the preceding(a) 2 decades was underemployed. Anecdotally, most persons can see this is their chance(a) lives. For example, the elder root was take aback a stratum past when theperson he hired to arc down a corner had a get the hangs degree in history, the companion who laid his furnace was a maths graduate, a nd, to a greater extent youthfully, a TSA aerodrome quizzer (whose job it was to delay that we took our spot collide with tour button by security) was a late(a) college graduate. Actually, these individuals are far more than characteristic of more recent college graduates than is commonly supposed.

Monday, June 24, 2019

Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Re carriage - evidence Exampleswat and port wineer epitome demonstrates that the strategy of maturation adopted by the company for the succeeding(a) 2 decades is full in subscriber line with the key strengths, opportunities, and hawkish forces the locoweed is apt(predicate) to face in the future.The manner of Brisbane mess is a political relation possess community that manages and controls the performances of the triad busiest container port in Australia. First minor exports finished Brisbane were do during the early days of European settlement, and besides in the atomic number 16 half of the ni lowesteenth century it emerged as the main commercial-grade centre in Australia. During only 35 years from 1850 to 1885 net tonnage through Brisbane grew from 8,128 tons to 690,883 ton. In 1888 the Port started to heap frozen crab adding it to the dominant exports of burn and rural products (POB 2007). world War II became the next study milestone in the Ports deve lopment. Disruption of everyday maintenance dredging activities make the main channels depths discordant for further ontogenesis by 1949. social system of Cairncross Dockyard to meet the consider for ship mending facilities was only the low gear of all step in the long serial publication of developments in the Port. As a result, join tonnage through the port happen uponed 2.6 trillion ton in 1961 (POB 2007).The 1960s were attach by twain different developments that had ingrained impact on further operation of the Port. Firstly, the disc everywherey of the Moonie petroleum fields direct to construction of two large refineries at the mouth of the Brisbane River. Secondly, the ingathering of containerized exports led to a modification in weight discussion technology the Brisbanes first container terminal was constructed in the Hamilton Reach of the river in 1969 (POB 2007).The Port of Brisbane Corporation was established as a statutory authority in 1976. In 1994 it wa s corporatized on a lower floor the Goernment Owned Corporation (GOC) propel 1993, and on the beginning(a) of July this year the Port of Brisbane Corporation changed from a statutory to a company GOC, listed with the Australian Securities and Investments Commission. Currently, the PBC is a in public owned system that operates on a commercial rump and in a competitive purlieu and manages Australias fastest increment container port. The Corporation withal leases and manages land for port-related purposes and maintains navigable access to the port for commercial shipping. Currently, the Port of Brisbane is the largest general loading port in the region of Queensland. Annually, to a greater extent than 2,600 ships flip-flop over 26 one gazillion million million tons of cargo over the Ports wharves. The exchange is expected to reach 50 million tons by 2025 (POB 2007). Factors of SuccessThe communicate made by the Port of Brisbane over less than a decade is impressive. prom ptly developing root word of the Port provides efficacious transport networks, logistics options, and ensures satisfied location of warehouses and other facilities. Currently, the Ports trade consists of a range of containerized, pile and break-bulk cargoes it leads the industry in beef and cotton plant exports holding slightly 50% of Australias add up market in this section (POB 2007). pecuniary

Friday, June 21, 2019

Compare and contrast Number Four at Stow (boutique hotel) and Accor Essay

Compare and contrast Number Four at Stow (boutique hotel) and Accor conference (chain hotel) - Essay ExampleOn the other hand, the benefit of the Accor Group of Hotels lies in the fact that it is spread all across Europe and even in the US and Canada, thus giving customers an option to go to a hotel they are familiar with, anywhere. Number Four at Stow Caroline and Patricia take for a commit team at Number Four and work hard to ensure that their stylish, contemporary boutique hotel offers luxury and comfort as well as an enjoyable unique personal service. Their culinary attraction, Chef Brian Cutler prepares his innovative menu from locally sourced and seasonal produce that makes it a guaranteed winner. Number Four at Stow, is the perfect place in which to unwind. Located on the Fosseway between Bourton on the Water and Stow-on-the-Wold, this hotel is ideally situated in the heart of the captivating Cotswolds. You can explore many stately homes and home(a) Trust properties in t he area. They have something for everyone, including wildlife parks, a scope of shops to tickle the fancy of the shopaholics, art galleries and antique stores for those with impeccable taste. There are also walkways, pubs and a range of activities for those who love the outdoors such as horse riding, golfing and shooting. And for those who just want to relax, they can book into a local spa for a soothing massage or facial. (hotelnumberfour.co.uk) Accor Group The hotels from Accor Group are very different from Number Four. Accors hotel operations includecomplementary brands from luxury to budgetthat have made a mark around the universe of discourse because of their high quality service. Some of the hotels are Sofitel, Pullman, MGallery, Novotel,Suite Novotel, Mercure,ibis, all seasons, Etap hotel, hotelF1, Motel6, as well as Thalassa sea & spaand Lenotre. The Accor Group has a presence in 90 countries, with4,229 hotels and more than 500,000 rooms. Their specialty lies in the tailo r-made services they provide to each customer, whether business or pleasure. (accor.com) Analysis The benefits of each of these hotels vary. While Number Four is more focused on its clientele in Birmingham, The Accor Group has a variety of hotels across the world and is still expanding. Comparing the two one can see that they both want to please their customers and bring them back. For this purpose, Number Four has introduced various services for their customers and has include the element of personal attention. On the other hand, the Accor Group is trying to achieve the same by giving their customers more options in terms of hotels, brands, prices, themes and locations. They have a variety of brands in their hotel groups that range across budget, economy, midscale, upscale and luxury. They might have considered that they are a strong brand and can provide people with options. Considering that the intention here for both the hotels is the business travel market, one can realize tha t their strategies to achieve success are completely different although neither is necessarily wrong. channel travelers have needs and requirements that are different from casual travelers who are staying in hotels for pleasure, or on holidays. While travelling on business, they mostly require staying at places where they can have meetings, seminars and conferences, not to mention that they most probably will be working and therefore need an environment that will promote oval-fruited work and aid them in their business. Business hotels need a lot

Thursday, June 20, 2019

Mergers and Acquisitions Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Mergers and Acquisitions - Case Study ExampleThe paper also deals with the resultant economies and advantages accruing out of the merger by studying the case of acquisition of some other company by Hon Hai (Faxcom).While business strategy represent the goal of the company to attain sustainable competitive advantage in one of the businesses of the company, corporate strategy represents the objective of the company to extinguish multi-business activities to create corporate-wide advantage that willing benefit each of the business the company owns and operates. The corporate strategy looks into the opportunities available to the company both internally and externally to evoke its competitive strengths and sustain its sales growth and profitability. A strategic analysis of any company thus includes assessing the strengths and weaknesses of the company based on the internal surroundings as well as threats and opportunities that the company is subjected to because of its relative posi tioning in the securities industry and the industry. The main objective of any strategic analysis is to identify the ship canal in which the existing resources can be shared between the multiple business activities and identifying new resources, which will enhance the competitive strengths of the company. This may include the opportunities for mergers and acquisitions, which will provide the combined synergies and scale economies to the company for enhancing its competitive edge.Corporate mergers and acquisitions (M&A) have long received considerable attention from the corporate world, the investing public as well as the academicians and scholars. According to Thompson Financial Reports for the year 2005, the worldwide M&A deals was estimated at US $ 2.7 Trillion which has posted an increase of 38.4 percent from the make sense volume of US $ 2 Trillion for the year 2004. Cogut and Rodgers (2006) report that the increase in the Asian deals for the year 2005 increased by 64 percent everyplace the last year and the dollar value was US $ 280 million for the period in the form of announced deals. A number of corporations in the international market have been

Wednesday, June 19, 2019

Cardiac Tissue Engineering Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Cardiac create from raw material Engineering - Term Paper pillowcaseThe accordion-like, honeycomb, polymer scaffold matches the structural and mechanical characteristics of heart tissues by being directionally dependent. This means that the tissues that were cultivated on the scaffold gave similar electrophysiological responses to those of the native heart. The nature of the scaffold besides intrinsically guides the alignment of cultured cells even without electrical stimulation (Engelmayr et al., 2008). Compared to previous scaffolds, this one has mechanical properties that are very similar to those of the native heart. application of principles and methods of design and life sciences toward fundamental understanding of structure-function relationship in normal and pathological mammalian tissues and the development of biological substitutes to restore, maintain or improve functions (as quoted in Eschenhagen & Zimmermann, 2005). Tissue engineering employs biological, engineering, and material sciences to replace and improve the function of biological tissues. There are three general strategies used (Langer & Vacanti, 1993) 3. implantation of cells on matrices to the body any in closed systems (where the implants are isolated from other tissues to prevent immune system attack), and open systems where the cells are incorporated into the system. Matrices (or scaffolds) may be created from natural materials or from synthetic polymers. The current techniques involve the production of tissues from donor cells that have been seeded on three-dimensional polymeric scaffolds, then inducing growth of new hefty tissues by culture and implantation of these scaffolds to the chosen organ.

Tuesday, June 18, 2019

Picking the Better Path Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Picking the Better Path - Assignment Exampledition, the client also desires that progress down the c areer path should be observable in terms of definite perimeters so the client sack forecast growth and development with the progression of time. The client has also expressed that it would be preferred if the lineage selected recognizes the value of sustained training and development.Varying in accordance with the specialization that the client wishes to proceed upon, the position of an Environmental engineering technician has a median one-year wage of $41,100 while the position of Aerospace engineering and operations technicians has a median annual wage of $55,040 (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2009).The median annual wage for individuals who are beginners in this career path is $56,320 while individuals who have spent a moderate amount of time in the field can expect to plunder a median annual wage of around $62,020 to $119,110 (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2009). Once th e individual has spent a considerable amount of time and has acquired square(p) certification and experience, the median annual wage can go over the $160,780 mark.Engineering technicians are generally required to work in the field for the big part of their regular day. Inspection and supervision responsibilities commonly require them to overstep time at project sites. In certain specific cases, the engineering technicians can also be required to get their hands dirty by constructing sensitive equipment where low-skilled workers cannot be relied upon (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2009). This may require the engineering technicians to go into contact with heavy equipment and/or dangerous chemicals as per the requirements of the job.Working conditions for Actuaries are based on in-door setups. Generally an actuary can be expected to spend most of his/her time in meetings when he/she is not in front of his/her computer. Most actuaries are generally required to engage in intensiv e end making routines to determine

Monday, June 17, 2019

A Speech on Bullying in Schools Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A Speech on Bullying in Schools - Assignment ExampleAccording to the research findings, it can, therefore, be state that bullying among students takes various forms, such as physical, emotional, verbal or cyber harassment. This implies that the victims may experience harassment in any form that is prevalent in their schools. The police detective would like to tell that the physical and verbal forms are common with the boys while girls normally use the emotional and verbal tendencies. The cyberbullying aspect is also on the bristle because of the advent of the social media networks where students interact with their peers and strangers. Similarly, both girls and boys can still apply the other forms of bullying that they like and depend on environmental and background factors. The research worker states that bullies are always known individuals, especially the popular students. They take advantage of their popularity and seniority within the school to harass others for their own per sonal interests. This also takes placement in the presence of other students who might influence the action to proceed or be prevalent in their school. The parents should try to mold their children to embrace dangerous manners and know how to relate to others. It is also appropriate for the teachers to encourage the students to speak out whenever something like bullying happens. Bullying poses negative consequences in schools and affects the bullies and the victims in convertible measures. For instance, bullying can derail a students academic performance due to the psychological effects and physical injuries. The mental well cosmos of a student is vital for academics and socialization since he or she feels comfortable learning in that environment. The other undesirable consequence of bullying is that it can attract a student skip classes for fear of victimization. This happens if the administration does not control the bullying activities and the students feel the school is not the right place. They end up lose classes, which drops their academic performance.

Sunday, June 16, 2019

Teaching Project Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Teaching Project Paper - Essay ExampleEngaging in violent behaviors increases the risk of death among dose addicts. Another cause of death is deterioration of the users health. Continued usage of the amount of moneys leads to addiction, which is one of the causes of morbidity among the substance abusing people. Morbidity caused by substance abuse can be categorized into social, psychological and physical. Long-term usage of substances leads to paltry social health such as isolation. It makes it difficult for the users to interact with other people in the nine by making it difficult for them to create relationships with others. This may result into other health complications such as depression (Nora 1). In addition, it may lead to poor psychological health. Substance abuse has also been associated with other chronic illnesses. For instance, long-term usage of tobacco may cause serious illnesses such as lung cancers. otherwise illnesses associated with drug addiction are diabetes and cardiovascular illnesses. The poor health among the people addicted to substances includes poor eating habits. Since substance addiction changes priority, food become less(prenominal) important compared to the substance. The situation may cause other illnesses associated with poor eating habits. The multiple disorders caused by substance abuse are referred to as co-morbidity (Nora 1).The risk factors associated with substance abuse include availability of the substance and peer influence. Many people start using alcohol because it is readily available. Young adults are also probable to start abusing drugs in order fit in their peer groups. Economic problems also increase the chances of abusing alcohol. Other risk factors include poor management of problems in families. Studies also show that ADHD also increases the risks using drugs among children and adults. It is important to note that mental health disparities are also recorded among the substance users. Individuals who lack

Saturday, June 15, 2019

No topic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 17

No topic - Assignment ExampleHence, it is advisable that the Christians with the heart of back uping the needy should not spoon feed them, but erect them with guidelines on how they can solve their problems and come out of their situations.Bob Lupton, Bart Fikkert, and Melissa Dodson realized that the people being helped had the capacity and capability of doing the things that they were a help. For instance, they ascertained that persons whose streets were littered and generosity works were geared towards cleaning their streets had the capacity including physical fitness to undertake these tasks by themselves. Additionally, they realized that the people who were being helped by charities became pointless to perform tasks that could help them obtain what they were provided with yet they were in positions to do the same. Therefore, these charity works only increased their dependency on handouts from the charity organization or people.These circumstances are different from other cir cumstances that these authors highly criticized. Obviously, the natural disasters are usually emergencies that people need to be helped out of or help to recover to their normal ways of life. In these cases, Bob Lupton, Steve Corbett, and Brian Fikkert may not criticize persons, organizations, or religions that provide charity to these people. Notably, after a well-coordinated response by the government among other relevant agencies to these emergencies, the affected persons from natural disasters are expected to resume their normal life. Therefore, they are not expected to depend on the charity for the rest of their lives hence, Bob Lupton, Steve Corbett, and Brian Fikkert may support individuals to provide such groups with charitable services and goods.Relief is an urgent, but temporary aid provided to reduce suffering chase a man-made or natural disaster. On the other hand, rehabilitation are is reconstruction steps that are often undertaken immediately after

Friday, June 14, 2019

Discuss the definition and Sources of Christain Theology and how is Essay

Discuss the definition and Sources of Christain Theology and how is Systematic Theology related to Christain Ethics - Essay typesetters case578).The intelligence agency righteousness is made up of two words that have a Greek origin theosthat means God whereas logos means study. In brief, theology is the study that is aiming at knowing more about God. Systematic has a Greek origin synistemimeaning to comprehend or in other word to fancy up. Therefore, systematic theology is the organization of the information about God (Webster, Tanner & Torrance 2007, p. 648).Systematic theology integrates many aspects of historical, scriptural and philosophical theology. The aim of the systematic theology is to get overtake knowledge of the Biblical teachings towards particular doctrines (McGrath 2001, p. 115). The theological disciplines that are in relation to the systematic theology are historical theology, apologetic theory, pragmatical theology, exegetical theology, biblical theology and practical theology.Apologetical Theology deals with the questions arising from the Christian faith. The many questions that arise from the apologetics one being, how can they know if Christianity is right? Through a clear understanding of Christian apologetics, one can defend Christianity. The fact that the years use Before Christ (BC) and After Christ (AC) is a hint to examine that Christ existed. It makes the Christian faith real (Grenz & Placher 2003, p. 283). The main agenda of the apologetics is to build a foundation that has the facts of theism. Through the systematic theology, one can gather the facts and organize them as evidence towards defending the Christian faith.It is a discipline that is focusing mainly on what the text says. It is an extensive subject that has several sub-disciplines. These are biblical languages, canonic, Biblical history and archaeology, textual criticism, exegesis proper and hermeneutics. Canonic discipline focuses on the 66 books of the Holy Bibl e where the New volition has 27 books, and the Old Testament has

Thursday, June 13, 2019

Impact of Changes Brought by Rotterdam Rules Research Paper

Impact of Changes Brought by Rotterdam Rules - Research Paper ExampleRotterdam Rules is the United Nations Convention for the International handler of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea (Lannan). It was adopted on 11 December 2008 by the UN General Assembly and was signed on 23 September 2009 and was signed initially by 16 participating countries (Lannan). Later on, other countries also contributed to bringing the number up to a total of 21 (Lannan). Existing expansion to include door-to-door transport and extends the carriers responsibility for goods from the point of time when goods are received to the point of time when goods are delivered. (UN). The new Rotterdam Rules 2009 has a great impact on the carriers. This can be seen with respect to the changes in the provisions of liability and covenants. According to the Rotterdam Rules, the overall liability of the carrier has been change magnitude exponentially. downstairs the convention, there will be a uniform liability regime inst ead of a network liability regime as long as there does not arise any conflict with any other international law. The various effects are discussed here as under. The convention has increased the maximum liability levels to 875 SDRs (...Imposition of liability on a carrier to ensure seaworthiness of vessel throughout the journey (UN). Increase in the limit of liability to 875 SDRs per package and 3 SDRs per kilogram (UN). Imposition of liability on carriers for a delay in delivery to an amount equal to 2.5 x the amount of consignment of the cargo in question (UN). Extension in the time to suit period by the cargo claimant against the carrier to 2 years (UN). Expansion of shippers obligation and liability in terms of information available for hazardous cargo (UN). It supports widely the use of electronic commerce (UN). Containerization plays an important role in Rotterdam Rules and in-depth rules with flesh out are provided (UN). Carriers employees, agents, and independent contracts are allowed to have the same rights and obligations as enjoyed by the carrier as long as they are deemed to be Maritime playacting parties (UN). We will now discuss the impact of this new convention with respect to the carriers, the performing parties, and the insurer. Impact on Carrier

Wednesday, June 12, 2019

Chekhov's Attitude to Romantic Love Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Chekhovs Attitude to Romantic Love - Essay ExampleConversely, Dimitrys an absence of emotional involvement is short-lived due to Annas unquestioning love, which gave him the confidence to dispel his egocentricity (Llewellyn 884).Yes. This is evident in the accounts unfolding circumstances whereby at the onset of the illicit affair, they seem a lot engraved into the humanitys nature. For instance, Dimitrys an absence of emotional involvement which slowly changes due to Annas unquestioning affection towards him (Llewellyn 883). Besides, Annas unique feature and love towards Dimitry utterly changes his long held perception towards the female gender (Llewellyn 884). Love has the power to conquer diverse and numerous circumstances due to its unique force. For instance, Dimitrys affair with Anna changes his perception regarding normal lifes material wealth and his associates, which he thought they were of considerable essence before their encounter (Llewellyn 884). The text also contend s love is a force for good whereby those who embrace or employ it as necessitated alter their varied circumstances, which may seem to challenge them (Llewellyn

Tuesday, June 11, 2019

Business Research Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Business Research Methods - Essay ExampleThe results obtained showed that both held very different views. atomic chassis 53 of the limitations of the study was poor response from the General Managers in the hotels. More research on the views of popular managers should be conducted. The main of the industry and educators is to tackle and minimize the shift between managers and students.IntroductionAmong the fastest growing New Zealand industries is the hospitality industry. Between 2008 and 2015, the ministry of tourism expects the number of visitors to increase by 18.6% in spite of the general switch in the economy of the whole world. This in turn will lead to increased expenditure in the tourist sector that is expected to rise by 4% within the same period. In 2008, the total expenditure $14 billion, is expected to increase up to $18 billion by 2015. Based on the above data, the New Zealand tourist industry is doing well. More qualified and knowledgeable hospitality employees ar e needed to serve the large numbers of visitors in the republic (Brien 2004, p. 10).OMahony and Sillitoe (2001, p. 264) argues that the hospitality industry does non put much emphasis on the qualifications in the sector when recruiting new employees. The industry values get wordd employees who deficiency educational qualifications than educated people who have degrees in the industry. Graduates are disadvantaged when it comes to job competition with experienced people. James and Holden (2000, p. 265), assert that the hospitality industry is against the general expectation that pursuing a degree in a specific field is an added advantage to graduates because it is easy for them to secure themselves good places. Employing people based on qualification is a disadvantage to graduates most of who lack experience (Li & Leung 2001, p.190). Research Question When recruiting employees, the industry should not base on an individuals qualifications because this alone may not offer good resu lts. Other factors like job experience, gender and age also affect career prospects. The aim of this paper is to determine how degrees affect the faculty of graduates to secure good positions in employment that can earn them good salaries as well as the qualities that hospitality employees should have. Data collected from students and hotel managers on issues related to advantages of degrees is used to analyze and evaluate the value of management degree in hospitality. Auckland University of Technology (AUT) students holding a degree in the Bachelor of International cordial reception Management and managers from six different hotels in New Zealand were used to carry out the study. Literature Review The author of this article reviewed a good number of resources to get information related to the topic. Brien (2004, p. 15) and Harkison (2004a, p. 22), argue that graduates expectation of getting to senior management positions immediately after graduating is not met. Students expect t o replace hotel managers who are normally at their thirties and fortes and therefore about to retire. New Zealands hospitality industry is mainly composed of young people such that those who go on after the age of twenty are likely to attain higher positions than their young counterparts are. In the study conducted in Auckland, out of five hundred and 30 four employees, most of the managers were between the ages of 30 and 39 whereas supervisors and staff aged between 20 and 24. Most of the seniors were above the age of 25 years with an experience of more than five years and had educational qualification (Poulston 2006, p.25). Studies conducted to determine the qualifications that a manager should have vary greatly. People have

Monday, June 10, 2019

International Human Resource Management Assignment - 4

International Human Resource Management - Assignment Examplep.65) in that case, multinational corporations have to change and adapt their resources to the shifting global demarcation environment to remain profitable (Caligiuri & Stroh 1995, p.494). MNCs alongside their global subsidiaries have increasingly become fundamental players in the global economy, thereby fuelling a great interestingness and research in the management strategies and practices of these firms (Mendenhall 1999, p.65). Generally, multinational corporations employ widely varied global management strategies, whose processes, practices as well as systems and structures also vary greatly since different global locations impose varied demands on MNCs operating in them. Establishing effective global strategies is the most daunting task of MNCs because they are caught up in the struggle to enhance their responsiveness to local environments while retaining their controlled corporate structure. This has been encapsulate d effectively in the literature of MNCs as one of the most debated questions has traditionally been the degree to which subsidiaries doings resemble that of local corporations versus the degree to which it rhymes with that of their parent corporations (Rosenzweig & Nohria 1994, p.229). This debate has given birth to three typologies of MNCs namely ethnocentric, polycentric, and global whereas the management strategies of ethnocentric MNCs resemble those of their home countries, those of polycentric MNCs conform to local standards while global MNCs align their management practices to a worldwide standard. Given that cultural differences are more likely to influence organizational doings this paper will draw from empirical illustrations of Multinational corporations (MNCs) to explore the cultural implications for multinational corporations of different approaches to employee voice.HRM is not independent of environmental and various other factors in spite of appearance the enterpri se HRM policy and practices are determined by both internal and external factors

Sunday, June 9, 2019

The Case Against the Privatization of Prisons Essay

The Case Against the Privatization of Prisons - Essay ExampleAs per the dogmas affiliated to the classical and modern economics, the privatization of the government institutions seems to be just the even up choice in the contemporary scenario. However, the vital point is that should economic and financial considerations be the only criteria through which the relevance of state and reality institutions be gauged Should the important public facilities like the schools, health facilities, grooming and prisons be left at the mercy of the private sector corporations Certainly it will be utterly myopic to wear the spectacles of economics to access the importance of very vital state institutions like prisons.The prisons in any society are very important social and political institutions. Infact the backdrop and ambit of prisons as a social institution is utterly different from other institutions like hospitals and schools. So far as other institutions in any dynamic society are concerne d, they happen to be primarily service oriented and their efficacy and worth(predicate) is judged on the basis of the quality of services extended by them. The prisons tend to differ in the sense that they primarily give expression to the collective moral sense of a society. The way a society treats and takes care of its offenders is a direct picture of its ethical moorings and value system. The need to rehabilitate the offenders, to take ample step to bring them back into the national mainstream is something that comes within the purview of the social responsibilities of a nation and demands a considerable sense of responsibility, commitment and involvement. Any attempt to narrow prisons as institutions where prisoners reside or are kept in confinement will be utterly narrow and short sighted. Infact, the prisons should be treated more as rehabilitation facilities that primarily exist for the purpose of giving the offenders a chance to serve their sentences and at the same time to facilitate them with just the right kind of environment so as to help them to become better persons and to ensure their assimilation back into the social mainstream. Considering this factor, the contemporary trend towards the privatization of prisons leaves massive scope for doubting the ability and intentions of the private corporations taking over the prisons, to fulfill this onerous social responsibility by allocating requisite funds and resources.The privatization of the prisons is not a tonic trend. The federal and state governments had already initiated the policy of the privatization of the facilities managed by them a long time ago. Such services primarily included medical facilities, food processing, education and vocational training. However, this panache for privatization achieved unprecedented heights with the newfound state predilection for the privatization of the prisons in the late 80s. A great many factors were responsible for this trend. However, the major ea rth that ultimately convinced the federal and the state governments in favor of the privatizat

Saturday, June 8, 2019

Critical Evaluation of International Essay Example for Free

Critical Evaluation of Inter guinea pig EssayA review of literature on inter topic HRM reveals collar different processiones (Dowling et al. , 1999, p. 2) Comparative, Cross-cultural and multi-national. Firstly, according to Adler (1997), the early approaches to researching international HRM focused on cross-cultural differences and examination of human behaviour from an international perspective. Certainly, research on cross-cultural organizational behaviour has become a conduit for the understanding of the dynamics of multicultural domestic and international workplaces indoors the advent of globalisation.There argon different levels of outline within cross-national HRM, national factors, contingent factors and organisational level. Cross-national HRM researchers claim that it is at the levels of national factors and contigent variables that they can make useful contributions through the examination of the impacts of such determinants of HRM policies and practices (Boxall, 1995 Brewster et al, 1996).However, other researchers (Budhwar and Sparrow, 1997 Jackson and Schuler, 1995) conclude that national factors and contingent variables atomic number 18 not enough in themselves to provide an understanding of the circumstance-specific nature of HRM practices. It is important therefore, to consider analysis of the impact of organisational-level strategies (Budhwar and Sparrow, 1997). Secondly, the comparative approach focuses on similarities and differences in HRM practices within an international context.Undeniably, Budhwar Sparrow (2002) note that the increase in globalisation of business transactions, the emergence of new markets such as the BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India and China) as well as hyper competition among organisations at equally the domestic and international level have been associated with an increased import and need for comparative human imaginativeness management (HRM) studies. As a result, there has been a growing number o f studies addressing the configuration of HRM in different national contexts (Budhwar Sparrow, 2002). accord to Rechie, Lee and Quintanilla (2009) one of the intimately significant role of comparative HRM research is to provide managers, principally those working in transnational firms, with specific guidelines concerning how to design and implement an effective HRM system pickings into consideration cultural differences especially when their business operation enters into different cultural contexts for example western multinationals seeking to do business in China.This notion of macrocosm responsive to the context and standardisation of HRM policies and practices has generated controversial but nonetheless critical topics of discussion in comparative HRM, such as the debate on reparation versus standardization, and the process of transferring HRM policies and practices across nations (Rechie et al, 2009). The thirdly, multinational approach, tends to focus on HRM practices in multinational organisations. The HRM extant literature reveals that there are two distinct schools of thought as regards approaches to managing people within MNCs (i) crossway and (ii) divergence.According to Brewster et al. , (2007), the convergence approach is said to be one of the most dominant strands in international management research. On the one hand, the convergence approach has three main assumptions firstly, the ultimate aim in all organisations is to improve performance through high-performance work systems (Brewster, 2001). Secondly, the ordinary aim of performance improvement can be achieved by using sound and effective management philosophies that hold true despite of differences among national environments (Girgin, 2005).Thirdly, proponents of the convergence approach argue that if local practices are different from these principles, they are expected to be replaced with the one best way, converging mainly on the American model as the leading industrial economy (Do wling et al. , 1999). According to Girgin (2005) the concept of convergence towards the one best way practice has been encouraged and/or support by the forces of globalisation, which has led to the opening of world markets, deregulation, regional integration and improvements in communication technologies.Although HRM as a field of practice was developed in America, the principles and practices knowing for America may not hold for other parts of the world. Barlett and Ghoshal (1989), say that, the main suggestion of the globalisation argument is that nationality factors in the operation of national systems and of companies are no longer influential or important as international companies become trans-national which converge to a new best model.Yes, the IHRM literature shows that because multinational corporations are embedded in their home institutional environments, they may judge to transfer home practices to their foreign operations in different cultural environments (Edwards et al. , 1999). However, the subject area of HRM practices in Europe (see Brewster et al 2007) suggest that national differences are significant in the determination of HRM practices. On the other hand, the divergence approach or contextual paradigm searches for contextually anomalous practices and approaches to management, it does not search for evidence of similarities (Brewster, 2001).Within the IHRM literature, the focal point of the divergence standpoint is the dissimilarity of policies and applications across different national and regional contexts and tries to understand the particularities of the context with a view to interpret why and how such differences have emerged in these settings (Brewster, 2005). Within the divergence school of thought, there are two distinct approaches to managing human resources in multinational organisations (i) the culturalist and (ii) the institutionalist perspectives.Based mainly on Hofstedes (1980) value-based behavioural dimensions and conc epts of national culture which have made an attempt to explain the influence of culture upon Multinationals behaviour, the culturalist approach has found widespread acceptance in the IHRM literature. Hofstede (1980) came to a conclusion that culture was the main determinant of the variations in work-related values, attitudes and behaviours among employees and managers within the same organisation, and of the same profession, age, or gender.Hofstede found that there were four dimensions that explained the differences in work-related values and behaviours (i) Individualism and collectivism, (ii) Uncertainty avoidance, (iii) Power distance and (iv) Masculinity and femininity According to Girgin (2005), the culturalist approach endeavours to build an understanding of differences in work organisations, managerial behaviour and human resource practices based on attributes of national cultural distinctiveness in terms of values, ideas and beliefs shared by people in a given society.Under t he divergence school of thought, the institutionalist perspective is the second. The main argument of the institutionalist perspective is that national institutional contexts (for example, government systems, training and development systems) play a major role in determining structures and strategies of organisations (Girgin, 2005). According to Girgin (2005), those who support the Institutionalist perspective stress the pressures on companies to acquire and maintain legitimacy in relation to the environment and the way that interlocking practices can bring benefits in particular systemic contexts.This perspective presents itself as a more comprehensive framework for the comparative study of different national systems (Girgin, 2005). For example, despite the knowledge of the influence of culture on organisational behaviour, HR practitioners cannot patently measure cultural values across their operations and predict behaviour, due cognisance must be given to various institutional co ntexts.As notable by Dewettinck and Remue (2011) certain practices are shared across or within particular contexts some are distinctive of certain countries some are unique to certain sectors or sections of an organization or even individuals. Without doubt, while each of the above approaches sharpens the focus on some aspects of HRM, it is possible that solely focusing on one aspect may unavoidably, hinder capturing the positive aspects from other perspectives(Mayrhofer and Brewster, 2005). Indeed what appears to be more significant in researching international HRM is the context.According to Dewettinck and Remue (2011) the notion of context and/or focus on contextual factors has been reflected in the cross-cultural embedment of many international HRM studies (Brewster, Mayrhoferand Morley, 2004), in addition, the Globe project which was focused on leadership likewise reveals that context is important (House and Javidan, 2004). For example, a recent study by Hartmann et al. (2010 ) of western multinationals operating in China shows that these organisations implement relatively unchanged HRM practices from their home soil in their Chinese subsidiaries.The study of Hartmann et al. , reveals that consideration of contextual factors is important in the understanding of HRM practices and the management of people in an international context. As a subject field of fact, results of Hartmann et al. s study indicate that, although the Chinese subsidiaries of Western multinationals were able to implement unchanged HRM practices such as talent management from their headquarters, the practices were not successfully internalised.This demonstrates the significance of national cultures and being responsive to local needs in implementing HRM practices. The example above actually shows that context is an important aspect in researching international HRM careless(predicate) of the approach taken. In conclusion, there is indeed something to be learnt from each of the perspec tives. Each of the perspectives do make considerable contribution to the understanding of international HRM.

Friday, June 7, 2019

TV Al Hijrah Essay Example for Free

TV Al Hijrah EssayMalaysia was one of the earliest British colonies to operate a tuner send service. However, the British government did not show much interest in radio in its early stage of development (Asiah Sarji, 1994). Amateurs electric car companies, telecommunication personnel, and radio enthusiasts were among those who started the b every(prenominal) rolling. In 1921 A.L Birch, the chief electrical engineer of the Johor state government, experimented with a Peto Scott type of wireless set obtained from overseas (Malay Mail July 30 1921). In 1923 he formed the Johor Wireless Society, which triggered the formation of nearly one dozen radio societies throughout Malaya. News music and songs from the phonograms were among the first programmed broadcast.The first radio station was established not in Singapore precisely in Kuala Lumpur. It was the up-country gathering point for rubber estate workers and tin mines and also the great(p) of the Federated Malay States. It wa s an unofficial and an amateur radio club, which organized plans to create a local anesthetic service. Although experimental broadcasts of the Singapore amateur group had begun earlier, the Kuala Lumpur operation was to a greater extent successful. The Kuala Lumpur Amateur Wireless Society started experimental work in November 1929 and officially commenced its regular broadcast service at 6.30 pm with tea dance music from the Selangor Club. A talk on the activities of the radio club was also transmitted that night. For this and subsequent broadcast, the group was allowed the use of the Post and Telegraph Department transmitter located at Petaling Hill. The station had been constructed in 1928 and then rebuilt the following year to make it permanent installation. This was the central station in the Malayan telegraphic network, but the amateurs managed to convert it to operate telephonically so that voices and music as well as Morse code could be transmitted.In 1931 the Kuala Lumpur Amateur Radio Society (KLARS) acquired its receive transmitter a crystal controlled Marconi S3A through government wrinkles and begun using it in May 1931. The chief enhancement afforded by the new equipment was that it operated on shortwave. By functioning on much higher frequencies, the transmitter could provide signals to cover the full length of the peninsula, parts of the Netherlands East Indies and Borneo, even though its power was only 180 watts.The post and Telegraphs Department of the Federated Malay States (FMS) was responsible once again for providing the new equipment to the amateurs, and it volunteered to render every assistance to the society. The selection of the precise wavelength was debated upon by the members, but in the end 75 meter band (4 MHz) was chosen as best for reception for the whole country. After two eld of operation, the station shifted to 48.92 meter band or 6.125 MHz In 1933 more permanence was given to the amateurs when they were allocated spac e to construct a studio next to the transmit room at Petaling Hill.The broadcasting facilities came in handy for the Japanese during their occupation of three years and eight months. They used broadcasting for propaganda. After the Japanese surrender, the British military administration took charge of broadcasting. On April 1, 1946, the day the Malayan Union came, the governments setup the Department of Broadcasting or Radio Malaya (Glattbach Balakrishnan, 1978 Sarji 1994). The sole function of broadcasting until the country independence in 1957 was to help the government to control the social and political confusion that followed the war and the communist of 1948.pic Radio Television Malaysia (RTM) first introduced opaque and white TV on December 28, 1963. The opening was done by the Prime Minister Tuanku Abdul Rahman at 6pm and the first person who appear on the TV Screen was 9M2RI ( Raja Iskandar) with the establishment of one TV network, Saluran 5 TV Malaysia which operated f rom its temporary studio in Dewan Tuanku Abdul Rahman in Jalan Ampang Kuala Lumpur. At that time the transmission was from 6.00pm to 9.00pm on the week days and on weekends from 6.00pm to 11.00pm. Initially its area of coverage was confined only to the capital city. Then, later between 1964 and 1965, the nation witnessed the greater expansion of TV transmitters.Finally on October 6, 1969 broadcast operations in the nations capital moved to its present site Angkasapuri. Six days later radio and TV broadcasting operations were officially merged and kept under the purview of the Malaysian Information Department on November 17, 1969, RTM started its second network. In 1969 channel 2 was launched and in 1978 color TV was introduced. Despite the rapid development of broadcast in West Malaysia, East Malaysia received their first broadcasting programmed in 1971 (Sabah) and 1975 (Sarawak).The first private commercial broadcasting station was established in June 1983 by System Television Mala ysia Berhad and was name as TV3. This was the decade of privatization. It all began with the slip to new administration from the former Prime Minister Tun Hussein Onns to the new administration of Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad. This new administrations firm belief in privatization sped up the establishment of many private broadcasting station.TV AL HIJRAHIn 622, Muhammad SA faces stiff opposition Quraish tribe in Mecca. He then odd the last Mecca to Medina. Prophet Muhammads migration from Mecca to Medina to be the beginning of a very significant history in Islam and thus marked the beginning of one of Muharram in the Islamic calendar. Hijrah means to move. This event is a very big impact. Al Hijrah connotation grow and not purely calendar Prophets pilgrimage, but also extended to any change towards betterment. Hence TV Al Hijrah intends to play the role of a TV for the society continued to change towards betterment. Al Hijrah TV is proud to be a form of broadcasting Islamic content t o maintain high standards in the published programs, even high pioneered digital stations (HD) in the local broadcasting industry.TV Al Hijrah is a state-owned free-to-air television network in Malaysia, which is owned and operated by Al Hijrah Media Corporation, a government owned company. It broadcasts from its headquarters in Pusat Islam, Kuala Lumpur. On 16 September 2009, the first Islamic television station in Malaysia, Al Hijrah TV show as a marker of a new era in the broadcasting industry in Malaysia. The primary purpose of this station is to provide a platform TV to educate, entertain and immix the community. Content is appropriate for all ages, for Muslim and non-Muslim audience. The main demographic targeted at young audiences and groups less than 40 years.As the first Islamic TV stations to introduce Islam as a lifestyle, TV Al Hijrah play an important role as a platform for sharing knowledge, information and thoughts to share with Muslims of all walks viewers. TV Al Hi jrah offer fresh content and programs that meet the needs of the present audience. Each of content researched and developed not only to attract the direction of the audience through the creative publication, but especially the Islamic current tastes. Most important of all content published on the values of Islam which is anchored to honesty, desolation and progressive.TV Al Hijrah has strictly adhered to the teachings and principles of Islam, at the same time respecting the local culture and tradition is not against religion, while adhering to the moral and universal values. They also hold open knowledge and innovative ideas as well as respect for diversity of views. Prioritize unity and seek solutions through knowledge and information. Quran and Hadith as the main reference which for promoting idea of comparative paradigm capable of lifting, absorption of new technologies especially in the field of broadcasting. It was also offering innovation in multi-platform for media and new media.

Thursday, June 6, 2019

Module Summaries Essay Example for Free

Module Summaries EssayModule 1 introduced the concept of evidence-based radiation pattern by describing how research reports are adapted and incorporated into healthcare practices. Research plays an essential role in identifying the best methods in diagnosing, treating and caring for patients with particular medical disorders. Evidence-based practice is based on the testing of experimental treatment regimens to a champaign population and determining its effect on the patient.It is therefore important that the investigators of a clinical trial be highly analytical and cautious with regards to the design, implementation and assessment of research programs and results. The module also instructs its reader on methods in identifying investigations that are of penny-pinching quality. The significance and credibility of the research study is also important in any medical investigation. The process of appraising a medical investigation should therefore always include screening a res earch design based on the feasibility, credibility and repeatability of the study.Module 2 describes the impact of research on influence healthcare practices based on evidence-based research. In addition, the module provides methods on how to conduct a thorough analysis of a research report based on an assessment tool. The criteria of evaluating research studies is generally based on the employment of a rating scale which looks into different aspects of a study, including the aims, hypotheses and methodology of the research.The ethical issues of the clinical study are also important aspects to consider in any health-related investigation. It is thus important to review the reasons why particular investigators conducted a study, without inflicting any additional suffering on the study subjects and still continuing in promoting excellence in healthcare delivery to the public. Evidence-based research thus forms an integral part of healthcare because it provides scientific proof that a certain procedure or treatment is indeed effective and beneficial to the target patient population.

Wednesday, June 5, 2019

The Blessed Sacraments Of Catholic And Christian Religion

The Blessed Sacraments Of Catholic And Christian ReligionThe Blessed Sacraments each of them very vital to Catholics and Christians, either as an element of personal spiritual issue or in terms of their significance to the church as a whole, and a lane on the road to God. These eucharists are ceremonial and point to what is sacred, meaning(a) and vital for Christians. There are seven Sacraments according to the Roman Catholic Church Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist, Penance or Reconciliation, Anointing of the Sick, conglutination (Marriage) and Holy Orders these were designed to beef up an individuals connection with God. The word eucharist comes from the Latin word Sacramentum, which means a sign of the sacred, and can be translated as mystery.o Sacraments of Initiation Baptism, Confirmation, and Eucharisto Sacraments of Healing Reconciliation or Penance, and Anointing of the sicko Sacraments of Service of Communion Matrimony and Holy OrdersBaptism Baptism is the first rite a Catholic/Christian receives. It begins a lifelong voyage of commitment and discipleship. on a lower floor the three sacraments of initiation, Baptism is the first. Before virtuoso can receive other sacraments, one must be baptized. The sacrament can only be received once in terms of its power to convey forgiveness of all sins, and can be received at any age.Eucharist The Eucharist is the main building block in the faith. This sacrament occurs when Catholics in good standing accept the body and blood of rescuer Christ, considered both a sacrifice and a meal, to bring them closer to God. This sacrament was initiated by Jesus, during the uttermost(a) Supper that he shared with his disciples. Catholics believe that the sacrament, which must be celebrate by an ordained priest, starts by turning the bread and wine, to the body and blood of Christ during the blessing and in the true presence of Jesus, who died for our sins.Confirmation Confirmation is the trine sacrament under the initiation sacraments. Although one may already have the Holy Spirit inside them, this sacrament helps one to use the Spirit at bottom them and recognize its presence. After one is confirmed they are considered a mature individual to the faith to the people of their faith and church. One has the responsibility to the faith and to their church.The sacrament of confirmation is normally administered by the Bishop on the other hand due to certain conditions the Bishop could assign a priest to administer the confirmation services in his absents. Those being confirmed, t sacrament shows sharing of the Holy Spirit with the laying on of hands.Penance This sacrament is called by three names, confession, reconciliation, and penance. Each of these reflect one element of the sacrament. This is called confession since one must identify and confess ones sins. One must admit they have done something immoral and are willing to portion out penance for. This is also is called penance because one mu st do something to make up for their sins. It shows that they have owned up to ones sin and are ready to deform to do better. This is called reconciliation since one must be willing to reconcile with God and those they have wronged. The third and last is the sacrament of Penance, which restores the gift of Gods grace to one.Matrimony The sacrament of matrimony (marriage), is when a man and woman take the vows of faithfulness for one another through marriage in the eyes of all Christians. The hook up with couple shows their marriage as a way they can live out their Christian baptismal faith. Catholics and most Christian marriages comprise of three trace characteristics their everlasting obligation to one another, their unconditional love and care for one another, and intention to have and care for children.Holy Orders The sacrament of Holy Orders (Ordination) is when a Bishop, Priest, or Deacon is the ordained, and who vows to lead other Catholics or Christians by bringing them th e sacraments, by proclaiming the Gospel, and by providing other means to holiness (especially the Eucharist). The Holy Orders provides these individuals who are called upon to assist others the probability to do that with serving others onto their sacred journey. This provides them the power to execute certain sacraments and rituals in the Catholic faith.Anointing of the Sick Anointing of the Sick (formally known as the Last Rites) is the sacrament that gives individuals who are suffering help. This may heal them or provide them the grace and power they need to tolerate their illness and make penance with God. Under this sacrament, the priest uses his hands on the forehead, nostrils, cheeks, lips, breast, palms of both hands, and the back of the hands (known to some as motion of lying of the hands). Then the priest speaks the words from the prayer of the gospel for behalf of the sick along with the blessing of anointing with oil to bring the sick closer to understanding their vox populi and journey at that present moment in time with God. Also, this sacrament celebrates the resurrection in several ways. This helps the person to be less scared on whats to happen or whats to come if they were to pass on.A sacrament gives grace of and by itself, by the power it possesses.Jesus attached grace to the outward sign, so that that outward sign and grace go together. The blessed sacraments are quite amazing these are everyday signs of Gods personal work. Gods wisdom showed his grace in a noticeable way to provide all of us the quieting belief when one receives grace, when he provided it. And Christ gave us several wonderful gifts. And in his sacraments, he continues to supply those gifts to us, away from all measures, at any time we expect them.The Orthodox and Anglican traditions also practice all seven sacraments. Other Christian denominations only celebrate baptism and communion.

Tuesday, June 4, 2019

Ecofeminism In Environmental Ethics

Ecofeminism In Environ mental EthicsEcofeminism is a term that covers a variety of response to environmental problems and theorizing ab march on away(predicate) them. This paper will look briefly on how the Ecofeminism has to do with Environmental Ethics. In the first section, will look briefly concept on Ecofeminism and environmental ethics and how do they apply. Next this paper will appear on the record of Ecowomens liberationist, revaluation of Ecofeminism and the implication of Ecofeminism to women. An attempt has been made in this paper to bug out a talk overion about how the issue of how environmental degradation and exploitation of nature became a feminist issue also been discussed.IntroductionThe word or term of Ecofeminism was introduced by Francoise dEaubonne which is member group of feminists in France. This woman in truth tries to pull out and pull in out the idea and the attention to womens potential upon the crisis of bionomical revolution during that time (dEaub onne 1994). Ecofeminism basely fix out from idea on which the women or also kn own as Eve atomic number 18 closely with the nature comp bed to the men or Adam. This statement are said so because the behavior of women are feminine and fragile so do nature which are sack up depleted and destroy if there is no care about it. In last two decades, there are many topics and discussion especi every(prenominal)y on these Ecofeminism which are relates closely to the environmental ethics in order to prevent nature being degraded by human itself. In 1974, when the Ecofeminism come out with the issue of women and nature, the number of feminist and environmentalist on that time is increasing because of the attraction issue in Western earth. The increasing of number of both parties in reality is due to the concern of the link between the domination of women and the domination of nature in Western culture in particular in United Kingdom. Although the concept of Ecofeminism has come out to contrary meaning far from those day during Ecofeminism area in 1974 plainly at least it still follow the criteria and following claim (Karen 1990)(i) at that place are important connection between the oppression of women and the oppression of nature.(ii) Understanding the nature of these connections is necessary to any adequate reading of the oppression of women and the oppression of nature.(iii) libber theory and practice must include an ecological perspective.(iv)Solution to ecological problems must include a feminism perspective.Nature of EcofeminismThere are many womens rightist that are supportive on Ecofeminist and highlighted on the fact that bionomics is a feminist issue. The feminist that highlighted on this issues is Susan Griffin (1998) and Mary Daly (1978), Carolyn Merchant (1980), Ynestra King (1981), Ariel Kay Salleh (1984), Karn warren (1987,1990), Val Plumwood (1993) also discuss about the link between the oppression of women and nature in order to understand t he connection why the environment is a feminist issue and why feminist issues can be addressed in terms of environmental concern(Gaard 1993). There are many feminist agree that ecology is a part of the feminist issue, which alone they differ in term of nature and desir world power. Ecofeminist can be found on variety of and certain of complete claims that point of view which link between oppression women and nature. Supposedly to understand and have wide of view in this discussion, one have to deep understand on nature of these link in order to understand more than on oppression women and nature (Warren 1987).For ecofeminist, the idea of domination between women and nature is staple of in ideology (Warren 1990). In order to overcome, once has to reconstruct and re-concept of the underlying patriarchal value and structural relation of culture and promote equation, non-violence, non-hierarchical forms of organization to bring out new social forms (Warren 1987). Based on the femin ist point of view, they said that one should inter-connect of all life process and revere nature and all life form. They also said that human should non control the nature but co-operate with it (Warren 1990).A characterization of EcofeminismEcological feminism is name given based on the characterization or position in different aspects of philosophies. Ecofeminism actually can interpret in much perspective of environmental ethics in the way of ecological such as understanding of the nature concept and how to mitigate or solve of environmental problems (Waren 1987). The understanding of ethics not only refers to one aspect only such as costless, radical and socialist but it is wide world and it including of nature (Merchant 1992). So to be genuine Ecofeminist, it actually depends on how once describes it or conceptualizes of the Ecofeminist position. This is because to be the genuine Ecofeminist, it depends on how much, which or what level of the position in environmental philosop hy to claim it as Ecofeminist.The different configuration of Ecofeminism is react in different way and it depends on how the linked connect between these two topic that discuss which is women and nature. It also depends on how sight define it. Different people have their different understanding and view. In addition, it also differ the nature of womens oppression and how the solution been taken, the philosophy of human nature, equality and the how people response on freedom. All these aspect is depends on how each of the feminist theories to describe it (Merchant 1992).During 1960s, the issue on women in the workplace and education has break down demanding for the feminist to bring out the topic in order to achieve a fulfilling life. Around the same year, the book Silent Spring written by Rachel Carslon which is feminist in 1962 that direction more on effect of pollution on the human and non-human world which give thousand question of life on earth and it become as a public issue. For an example of liberal in Ecofeminism, this perspectives actually are already been applied in Western country that are focus on political and philosophical framework that build in society to provide freedom in order to pursue their own interest. The liberal perspectives in Ecofeminism to be acceptable is actually depends on how people define it. Many Ecofeminism actually so far has do the concept of liberal feminist work such as keep intact oppressive and patriarchal ways of conceptualizing nature (Roach 1991). For an example, they actually focus work on sturdy human- nature that global facing now.For liberal mode, environmental problem is one of the aspects of the degradation of natural resources which the issue are should blame on the lack of order of pesticides and other environmental problem. This issue can be mitigating with social production that is environmentally voice. To overcome this issue, combination of science, conservation and law is the best. Opportunity to wome n should open wide so that this gender can be conservator, lawyer and so on, like men. To change women profession in more professional work as discuss above, it is not the way that can decrease the environmental problem that the world facing right now. As the answer to the view that associated women and nature, these actually were devalued in Western country especially in United Kingdom which the Ecofeminist group with a radical are being analyzed the environmental problem with their critique and idea of patriarchy which could liberate both women and nature (Merchant 1990).So, the argument that always been said is that women are restricted by being closer of nature because their ability to bear children. In fact for the reality, women are actually are already gifted for feminine traits to become close to nature and earth.Critiques of EcofeminismThere are fewer feminist scholars such as Cecile Jackson (1993), Janet Biehl (1991), Meera Nanda (1991) and Bina Agarwal (1992) have voice out that Ecofeminist perspective which is ethnocentric, essentialist, blind to class, ethnicity and other differentiating cleavages, a historical and neglects the material sphere (Jackson 1993).The be of Ecofeminist are results as historical exploitation and domination of women and nature as goes by which are seen as victims of development. If any harm to nature, it actually harm to women every bit which is act as self-evident to certain Ecofeminist, since the women are close to nature compared to men. None of the claim or argument is link to both of those statements (women and nature). This claim is tone so personal observation and takes its position as self-evident. It actually looks as the maximization to the women and nature in ideology which neglecting the others such as the economic service and political power as well as the gender of labor and opportunity (Agarwal 1992). The view of women are become stereotype which men are rest women to become such as caring and nurturi ng without thought as a full range of women abilities to do other thing (Biehl 1992).Ecofeminist such as Susan prentice (1998) argue about the combination of women with nature and politics imply that what men are do to earth is destroying or bad compare to women which nurturing to earth. This statement was argued which ignoring that men can also develop to care of nature. This argument actually is going beyond the radical which put Ecofemenism forward a critique that focusing on the relationship between production and copy and between ecology (Merchant 1992).Basically, women also provide knowledge of nature which helps in sustain life. The development of Ecofeminism was disrupted because of handling and capitalist development in society. This which results men are concurred in production of exchange commodities in capitalist system economy while women are more in domestic sphere which specific work-force and social relations. In capitalist system, it actually focuses more on prod uction which sustainability are being neglect. For socialism it focus more on production which to satisfy people need not greed. Based on Ecofeminism view, the socialist ecology should focus more on reproduction and nature rather that focus on production. But it does not happen because they homogenize the category of women. This is because they hardly to see women in other view fundamentals in-term as caste, class, race and ethnicity. Because of this limitation Ecofeminists make effort to join and work together with the socialist frameworkImplication of Ecofeminist ethics for women.It is fact that females actually give socialized in certain way to achieve and maintain the appropriate system, that it also have been true that socialization aspects which must examined before they can be reclaimed and consider useful (Cuomo 1992).It actually not surprisingly by which the famous claim and argument that mentioned women are Ecofeminism compared to men by dint ofout their behavior are muc h more closely to nature. The argument of this claim actually can tell that it reinforces the patriarchal ideology of the domination and limit Ecofeminisms own effectiveness which the results storied as the biology actually determine the social inequalities between men and women (Cuomo 1992). Based on the implication that has been studied, it belief that, women are actually very machine-accessible to nature with their feminine trait to preserving the environment in order to save the earth from being degraded. Men are actually cannot as feminine as women because the trait are reserve for them which why men cannot be expected to participate in the restoration of any environmental projects. This is because men actually are lack of sensitivity sense to nature that women have it. Therefore, women actually are respectfully to in charge of cleaning up the global problem especially in environment sense as to full fill that they already been done such as nurturing mother. In the nutshell, the implications of Ecofeminst ethics are should appear to women not for men.If one believe that women have all the traits to preserving nature, so it qualifies to save the earth compared to men in a way to doing restoration projects since men gender are less sensitivity to nature. In the nutshell, women therefore can be leader in preserving earth as to full their biological traits which is nurturing mothers. For the conclusion, it actually difficult appears to be emancipator for women.ConclusionUnderstanding about humanity concept in this world and reality life actually can be build up based on the effort to comprehend those men-women into humanity-nature concept. The account of Ecofeminist that are actually separate both men-women are lead to the exploitation of women which this gender are more likely to viewed as closer to nature compared to men. The perspective of the Ecofeminist and Environmental ethics actually lead to the sense of interdependence of all individual and also hu man-nature. interconnection between women and nature of dominant traits actually lead to show the Ecofeminism are mutually supporting each other, the conceptually are linked and the explicit of the realization of both is vital to any responsible to environmental ethics. The Ecofeminist philosophy actually not mainly focuses on one section that is understand of women characterization but also understanding of liberate women with nature in order to prevent it from the structure of oppression. It has been prove that women actually are very feminine with the nature through their biological behavior. Although it has historical oppression about woman, the Ecofeminism seem agree that trait in women genetic such as caring and nurturing their kid or queer should be include in environmental ethics.

Monday, June 3, 2019

Analysis of Computer Use in Developing Country Education

Analysis of Computer custom in Developing Country EducationAbstractThis written report identified the extent to which Persian lower-ranking trail mongers wontd data processors and explored the relationship between a numbers of variables related to ICT use. These factors included high take aim of calculator access, strong perceptions of the attributes of ICT, high level of figurer competence, as well as the high level of transformational t whizz downinghip behaviours, all contributed signifi arsetly to the level of information processing system use by principals. All four constructs atomic number 18 equally significant but have varying impact on computer use. Therefore, all four constructs should be viewed in an integrated appearance in accordance to the conceptual model proposed in this study.Keywords ICT, Secondary school principals, Computer useIntroductionOne developing country that is currently pursuing the proficient track in education is Iran. Irans National philosophy of Education calls for developing the potential of individuals in a holistic and integrated manner, so as to perplex individuals who atomic number 18 noeticly, spiritually, and emotionally balanced and harmonious. The catalyst for this massive transformation depart be engineering science which will improve how the educational organisation achieves the National philosophical system of Education, while fostering the education of a work force prep atomic number 18d to meet the challenges of the next century. With respect to this vision, Ministry of Education provided ICT related workshops and courses for principals and watchers. The plan emphasized that they should start seven fundamental digital computing skills (Kousha Abdoli, 2004). Although several institutions have completed the training programmes of their staff, research studies have not been done on the efficiency of this plan, noesis, skills, and carriage that principals and teachers acquire during the se courses. In fact, national programmes in developing countries are not establish on research. Hence, triumphes of these programmes are limited (Albirini, 2006a).In addition, the Ministry of Education in Iran has invested more more fund to facilitate integrating of ICT in schools. In spite of this large expenditure of funds, the potential for ICT to alter how principals use computers for instructional and administrative purposes, how teachers teach and how children learn in Persian schools has not been fully realized since many Iranian schools do not use ICT in their teaching and learning and administrative purposes (Jahangard, 2003). It displays that computer was provided with no supplementary measures to enable principals and teachers to develop positive views toward ICT in education and to use them. Also, in exploring the books about the implementation of ICT in schools, an empyrean which is noticeably absent in research on ICT implementation and integration is the role o f the school principals as engine room leaders. Although, some research studies have exhibit that ICT has a huge impact on the ways in which principals work (Yuen, Law Wong, 2003 Schiller, 2003), the ICT research literature has tended to overlook the role of the principal as applied science leaders (Schiller, 2003 Michael, 1998 Riffel Levin, 1997). This gap in the research literature is rather strange because there is considerable literature relating to school effectiveness, school improvement and salmagundi which identifies the school principal as a key factor in bringing about achieverful change in schools (e.g. Hall Hord, 2001 Fullan, 2002).harmonize to Schiller (2003), school leaders are key factors in implementation ICT in schools. They have a main responsibility for creating school change finished use of ICT and facilitate intricate decisions about integration of ICT into learning and teaching. Although the role of the principal in championshiping technology integra tion is real important there are little Iranian researches on the role of the principal in the implementation of ICT. Also, little is known about the use of ICT by principals and factors that are related to their level of computer use. This obligate will report on these issues from an analysis of data gathered from supplementary school principals in capital of Iran, Iran.Review of the literatureEffective lead is an important instalment in the success of schools seeking to implement change (Calabrese, 2002). Anderson and Dexter (2005) reported on the analysis of data from the 1998 Teaching, Learning, and Computing survey of more than 800 schools in the regular army and reason out that although technology infrastructure is important, for educational technology to become an integral part of a school, technology leadership is even more necessary (p. 74). Without the support of school leaders the educational potential of information and communications technology may not be realize d. They play various roles much(prenominal) as change agent, lifelong learner, main supporter, and resource provider in relation to ICT implementation in schools (Han, 2002). If principals want to lead effectively their school in technology integration, they should wedge technology and realize the role that technology can play in the teaching-learning process. In fact, it is difficult to imagine a leader who does not use technology trying to convince teachers that it is important (Cafolla Knee, 1995, P.3). Therefore, principals need to understand the capacities of the new technologies, to have a personal proficiency in their use, and be able to promote a school culture which encourages exploration of new techniques in teaching, learning and management (Schiller, 2003).According to Albirini (2006a), access to computer resources has often been one of the most important barriers for the integration of technology in both developed and developing countries. Norris, Sullivan, Poirot an d Soloway (2003) reported on the analysis of data from the snapshot survey of more than 4,000 K-12 schools in the USA and concluded that there was a significant and substantive correlation between level of access to computer and level of computer use. Also, Rogers (2003) state that the perceived attributes of an institution are one of the important factors in informing the rate of adoption of an innovation. A large amount of the variance in the rate of adoption of innovations, from 49 to 87 percent, is explained by five attributes relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability, and observability (Rogers, 2003). The five attributes refer respectively to (1) the degree to which an innovation is perceived as better than the idea it supersedes (2) the extent to which an innovation is perceived as consistent with the existing values, past experience, and needs of potential adopters (3) the degree to which an innovation is perceived as relatively difficult to understand an d use (4) the extent to which the results of an innovation are visible to others and (5) the degree to which an innovation is experimented with on a limited basis. Regarding the relationship between perceived innovation characteristics and computer technology adoption, Al-Gahtani (2003) conducted a valued research in Saudi Arabia and found that relative advantage, compatability and observability were positively related to the adoption of technology, whereas complexity was negatively correlated. Hence, innovations that are perceived by individuals as having great relative advantage, compatability, observability, and less complexity will be adopted more rapidly than other innovations (Rogers, 2003).Principals attitudes toward ICT have been recognized as an important factor for the success of technology integration in education (Han, 2002 Mooij Smeets, 2001 Rogers, 2003). Attitude is defined as a positive or a negative feeling associated with performing a specific behaviour (Ajzen Fishbein, 2005). In fact, an individual will have a favorable attitude if he or she believes that the performance of the behaviour will lead to mostly positive results and vice-versa (Ajzen Fishbein, 2005). Ajzen and Fishbein (2005) indicated that attitudes consist of iii elements affect, cognition, and behaviour. The affective element refers to the individuals emotional feelings or liking of a person or an object. The cognitive element refers to the persons knowledge about a person or an object. The behavioural element refers to the persons overt behaviour towards a person or an object. A complete description of attitude requires that all three components be assess by obtaining measures of all the three response classes (Ajzen Fishbein, 2005).Han (2002) conducted a case study on pre-school leaders practices in the use of ICT and found that principals who have positive attitudes toward technology are very helpful and supportive in introducing these new technologies into the schoo l. For example, they encourage their colleagues to have ICT training, equip the school with commensurate computers and ensure staff has access to relevant technology. Apart from that, Liaw (2002) stated that no matter how capable the technology is, the effective implementation of technology depends upon users positive attitudes towards the technology. According to Noraini Idris et al. (2007), individuals with positive attitudes will have positive feelings about people and situations have a sense of purpose, excitement, and passion approach problems in a creative manner throw the best out of every situation realize that attitude is a choice feel that they have control of their thoughts and feel that they are devising a contribution through their work. Therefore, principals who have positive attitudes toward ICT feel more contented using it and regularly incorporate it into their tasks (Kersaint, Horton, Stohl Garofalo, 2003).According to Rogers (2003), innovation-decision process consists of five locomote which are knowledge, persuasion, decision, implementation, and confirmation. These five steps usually follow each other in a meter- put togethered manner. Knowledge is the first stage of the successful adoption of computer technologies and it is essential for other steps in the innovation-decision process. If principals do not have enough competent in computer use, they cannot be expected to adopt computer technologies into their instructional and administrative tasks. Without the knowledge and skill of computer technology, principals might have a high level of uncertainty that forge their opinions and beliefs about the innovation (Rogers, 2003). In line with this idea, Felton (2006) stated that competence is a key to the use of computers by principals on a daily basis. In fact, competence in operating a computer and in utilizing software may improve the quality and efficiency of administrative performance in schools. Improved quality could lead to impr oved decision-making. In order to achieve high levels of principals competence in ICT, there is a need to provide training, and perhaps un strikely, there is a great deal of literature evidence to suggest that effective training is crucial if principals are to use ICT effectively in their work (Kirkwood, 2000). If training is inadequate or inappropriate, then principals will not be sufficiently prepared, and perhaps not sufficiently confident, to make full use of technology. Hence, lack of principals competence and lack of quality training for principals can be barriers to principals use of ICT.Many technology experts have indicated that the integration of ICT in education should occur in the light of the cultural conditions of the country and the prevailing school culture (Albirini, 2006b Govender Govender, 2009). In fact, cultural barriers, either societal or organizational, are very important among the barriers to the adoption of technology. Societies and organizations can overc ome most of the technical barriers through different means of support, but cultural barriers are harder to deal with. It is widely accepted that culture, within a society or an organization, shapes individuals perceptions of innovations. In the field of education, it has been find that principals reactions to technology innovations are mediated by their cultural perceptions (Felton, 2006). According to Rogers (2003), a cultural perception is a very general idea of social system norms. Also, it refers to the cultural suitability of computers (Thomas, 1987). Furthermore, Albirini (2006a) carried out a study examining the factors relating to the teachers attitudes toward ICT. He collected evidence from high school English teachers about their perceptions of computer attributes, cultural perceptions, computer competence, and computer access. The sample consisted of 63 male and 251 female teachers. The results showed that computer attributes, cultural perceptions, and computer competenc e are factors that explain the greatest amount of variance in computer attitudes. Also, he stated that cultural perceptions toward different computer-related technologies are key factors related to both the initial acceptance of these technologies as well as incoming behaviour regarding their usage. Similarly, Lee, Choi, Kim and Hong, (2007) conducted a study on the relationship between users cultural profiles and technology adoption in the context of the mobile Internet. Their findings of large- home base on-line surveys in Korea, Hong Kong, and Taiwan indicate that cultural factors have a significant influence on users adoption perceptions of mobile Internet services. So, they concluded that cultural differences are a contributing factor in the adoption of technology, particularly in third world countries.According to Flanagan and Jacobsen (2003), leadership plays a key role in the success of technology utilization in education. Thomas (2001) stated that there is a strong link be tween educational technology and school leadership. Leadership modal value is exhibited by the leader could help or hinder technology infusion (Flanagan Jacobsen, 2003 Thomas, 2001). One of the best styles of leadership that can change and transform individuals is transformational leadership (Northouse, 2001). Transformational leadership occurs when one or more persons engage with others in such a way that leaders and followers raise one another to higher levels of penury and morality (Bass Riggio, 2006). In other words, transformational leadership is a process that both the manager and followers should change themselves (Northouse, 2001). Although the transformational leader plays an essential role in effect change, followers and leaders are inextricably bound together in the transformation process (Northouse, 2001). This type of leadership is becoming more and more important to organizations, as workforces become more diverse, technology improves and international competition heightens.Transformational leadership is comprised of four distinct dimensions charismatic leadership or idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulant drug and individualized consideration (Bass Riggio, 2006). Idealized influence (attributed) demonstrates attributes of principals that motivate respect and pride and display a sense of power and confidence idealized influence (behaviour) refers to the principals behaviour to communicate values, purpose, and importance of mission inspirational motivation refers to leaders that motivate and inspire others by challenging them to exert sudor Intellectual stimulation stimulates followers efforts to be innovative and creative by questioning surmises, reframing problems, and approaching old situations in new ways and individualized consideration focuses on development and mentoring of followers and attends to individual needs(Bass Riggio, 2006).Beatty and Lee (1992, as cited in Thite, 2000) conducted several case studies of the implementation of CAD/CAM systems in numerous British and Canadian companies in an effort to investigate the linkage between leadership and technological change in organizations. Through semistructured interviews and using a critical incident approach to assessing leadership abilities, the researchers track managerial involvement throughout the implementation process. The outcome of their qualitative research suggests that a transformational approach to leadership is likely to be more effective in overcoming barriers to change than a transactional leadership approach that concentrates on technical problem solving to the neglect of people and organizational issues.According to Burns (2003), transactional leadership involves exchanging one thing for another. In fact, the effective transactional leaders are expert in giving and taking. This style is useful for stable situations but is less useful for organizations that are faced to environmental turbulence or rapid chan ge (Kirkbride, 2006). Transactional leadership was measured by contingent reward and management-by-exception (active and passive). Contingent reward leaders explain the expectations of followers and the compensation they will receive if they meet their performance expectations. Management-by-exception-active leaders attend to followers mistakes and failures to meet standards and management-by-exception-passive leaders react to correct action aft(prenominal) problems become serious enough (Bass Riggio, 2006).Regarding the importance of transformational leadership as an influence on principals use of technology, Christopher (2003) conducted a study at the University of Virginia. A self-designed instrument was employ in this study. Leadership items were taken from Bass and Avolios Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire Leader Form. Surveys were sent to a random sample of 397 principals throughout the Commonwealth of Virginia, and 185 principals participated in the survey. Her analysis indicated that the boilersuit extent that principals use decision support technologies was significantly correlated with their perceptions of all four transformational leadership behaviors (individual influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individual consideration). Also, she suggested that educational leadership programs should be provided to train principals to use technology as a management tool. If principals do not use technology on a consistent basis the principal should not expect the faculty to use technology regularly. Modeling the use of technology provides an affective method for exposing teachers to new strategies and demonstrating to the staff that it is acceptable to take risks and make mistakes, without the fear of retribution (Dawon Rakes, 2003)The studyThe purpose of this study was to identify the extent to which secondary school principals use computers in Tehran (a large province in Iran) and to explore factors related to level of com puter use by principals. Selected factors used in this study were based on Rogers (2003) diffusion theory, Technology Acceptance Model, and forward researchs which include perceived computer attributes computer competence computer access principals attitude toward computers leadership style of principals and cultural perceptions. Principals profiles (gender, age, and administrative experience, type of school, and academic degree, as well as information regarding background in computer training) were also included in order to ensure maximum possible control of pert variables by building them into the design of the study (Gay Airasian, 2000). to a greater extent specifically, this study addresses the following questionsWhat is the level of computer use by secondary school principals?What are the principals attitudes toward computers?What are the principals perceptions ofComputer attributes?Their level of computer competence?Cultural relevance of computers to Iranian society and scho ols?Their level of access to computers?What is the leadership style (transformational and transactional leadership) of principals?What is the relationship between the level of computer use by secondary school principals and their perceptions of each of the above variables?What is the balance of the variance in the level of computer use by secondary school principals that can be explained by the selected self-governing variables and the relative significance of each independent variable in explaining the dependent variable?MethodologyThis was a descriptive study of an exploratory nature. Creswell (2003) stated that exploratory studies are most advantageous when not much has been written about the topic or the existence being studied (p. 30).The target population in this study was Iranian secondary school principals in the province of Tehran during the 2007-2008 school years. The list of principals was based on the secondary principals Directory. The Directory is maintained and upd ated on a quarterly basis by Tehran Department of Education. The total number of secondary school principals was 1312 in the Directory of the Department of Education in Tehran.Furthermore, a set of questionnaire was used to obtain the required data for this study. The questionnaire was divided into two parts. Part A measured the perceived level of computer use by principals. Factors that were related to it were measured in part B. Questionnaires were distributed to 320 sample principals selected randomly from the population. In this study, stratified sampling was used because Tehran is one of the biggest cities in Iran and consists of 19 educational subjects. Also, the population to be sampled was not homogeneous but, in essence, consisted of several subpopulations (Wiersma, 1995). When sub-populations vary significantly, it is advantageous to sample each subpopulation (stratum) independently. research worker used this stratified sampling method to have less variability in selecti on.Two indispensable characteristics of measurement that must be considered in establishing the correctness and usefulness of measurement instrument are reliability and validity. Although theses instruments were valid, face and content validity of these instruments were set up again by a panel of expert. To ensure that Iranian secondary school principals had a complete comprehension of the instrument used in the study, the survey was translated from English into Persian using the double back translation method to ensure the accuracy of the Persian version.Furthermore, Cronbachs alpha was used to measure internal consistency and calculated via the SPSS 15 statistical package. Cronbach alpha is the most uncouth form of internal consistency reliability coefficient. The Cronbachs alpha coefficients for these scales were Computer Access master=0.867, Computer Attributes scale =0.909, Attitude toward ICT Scale =0.92, Computer Competence Scale=0.97, Cultural Perceptions Scale=0.611, T ransformational leadership style Scale=0.812, Transactional leadership style Scale=0.596 and Level of computer use Scale=0.917. To carry out this study, first, benediction was obtained from the Ministry of Education and also contact was made with the research department of Tehrans Ministry of Education A meeting was arranged to discuss the proposed study. Furthermore, a letter of introduction and a questionnaire packet were delivered to the superintendent in the research department for review. Finally, approval was received from the superintendent and permitted the researcher to attend the principals meeting in each educational field of operations of the Ministry of Education.A total of 350 pockets were distributed among all members of the sample in these sessions. In the packet, there were materials. These materials include a cover letter, the questionnaire, and a stamped, addressed return envelope was enwrap for some respondents convenience in returning the completed questionna ires. The completed questionnaires were collected at the end of these sessions. Principals who could not fill their questionnaires completely were given approximately three weeks from that date to return the questionnaires by mail. In all, 350 surveys were distributed, 320 were returned, resulting in a return rate of 91.4%. All of the returned surveys, a total of 320, were used in the analysis. In this study descriptive statistics were used to describe and summarize the properties of the mass of data collected from the respondents (Gay Airasian, 2000). Correlation analysis was used to determine the relationship between each of the independent variables and the level of computer use by secondary school principals in Tehran. Furthermore, multiple regression was used to measure the degree to which the independent variables would explain the proportion of variance in the dependent variables and to identify the relative significance of each independent variable in explaining the depende nt variable. By convention, an a level of 0.05 was established a priori for determining statistical significance.Findings and DiscussionThe findings indicated that about 51.6% of the respondents were males and more than half of the respondents (50.3%) were within the 45-54 age range. About 44.7% of the respondents had 21 or more years of experience. More than half of the respondents (53.1%) worked in private schools, and approximately 60.3% of the respondents held bachelors degrees. Moreover, the volume of the participants (95.5%) reported that they had computer training, and 83.8% of them had more than 60 hours training. In terms of the type of training, more than half of the principals act in the study (52.8%) reported that they received their training through in-service training.Computer Use by PrincipalsThe dependent variable, level of computer use, was quantified by the score of 39 items using a five-point Likert scale. Each item was rated by respondents from 1 (Never use) to 5 (use daily). This scale was developed by Felton (2006). According to this questionnaire, four domains of computer use such as Internet use, hardware and software use, instructional use, and administrative use were measured.Table 1Distribution of Mean Scores on the Computer Use ScaleAccording to Table 1, the principals perceptions of the level of computer use were moderate with an overall mean score of 3.32 (SD= 0.76). Also, findings indicated that principals spent a few quantify a week working on their computers. It would seem that Iranian principals need effective and extensive trainings to raise their proficiency in computer use and integrate technology into their schools.Moreover, analysis of collected data on the computer use scale showed that among the subscales of the level of computer use, Internet use had the highest mean (M = 3.49). Also, findings showed that nearly all the respondents used the Internet at home and at school , and the most frequent use of Internet was f or sending and receiving e-mail (46.9% 2 or 3 quantify a week). It would seem that e-mail was the most accepted application among principals who were surveyed. In fact, there may be several reasons for thise-mail is efficient, widely purchasable, and effective. Thus, it is not surprising that email was accepted and used far more by the sample population of this study.Principals can increase their professional knowledge in the form of erudite current research, new technologies, and best teaching practices through the use of the Internet. Findings of this study showed that most of the respondents used a web browser a few times a week to explore professional and educational resources. Three reasons may underline the obtained results. The first possible reason is that low telecommunication density and very low bandwidth during peak hours sometimes makes it impossible to download files or software. Furthermore, most of the principals have little Internet experience it was not comforta ble for them to spend time on uses other than e-mail or some sort of urgent browsing. Lastly lack of knowledge and skill for searching and downloading the valuable professional and educational resources also limit the use of the Interne. In fact, the Internet can be an avenue for researching information and data. It helps principals to find information regarding their profession and educational subjects in order to develop processes for effective decision-making and problem solving which result in better accountability (Felton, 2006). Therefore, trainings should be provided for principals to learn all possible Internet resources with underlying techniques of strategic browsing to enhance their Internet literacy (Atkinson Kydd, 1997).As for the hardware and software use subscale, the main use for computers was in word processing, whereas construction of spreadsheets, databases and presentations (such as Powerpoint) was used neer or a few times a month. Only 2.5 percent of principal s stated that they read spreadsheets daily at work with 20.0 percent indicating use 2 or 3 times a week, while 56.9 percent indicated that they had read never or a few times a month a spreadsheet. These results are consistent with Schillers (2003) study. He found that the word processing was the most frequently utilized software among the principals and they used it to create documents and slides.Regarding the instructional use domain, the majority of participants indicated that they two or three times a week used computers for arranging observation monitoring student achievement for specific objectives and grades creating master schedules recording discipline referrals writing up classroom observations monitoring achievement test data locating curriculum resources developing or write curriculum and creating graphs and charts. Plomp and Pelgrum (1992) stated that one way in which computers might work their way into the school is through administrative use and that this might lead t o the use of computers in instruction. An query of data showed that mean score of the administrative use subscale was lower than another subscales, and computer use for instructional purposes was generally ahead of administrative uses. Moreover, findings indicated that within the area of administrative uses, communicating with staff, and members of the wider school, initiating and sustaining collaborative activities with colleagues within and outside their school were the areas of greatest use, while financial matters, maintaining of administrative records about students, using a programme to break information for solving problems, using technology to support levels of professional collaboration, and using technology to participate new kinds of professional development were the areas of least use. Therefore, the early assumption that the introduction of computers into schools for administrative purposes would spread to their use for instructional purposes was not supported by the data.Principals Attitudes toward ICT in EducationAttitude scale contained 23 items that asked respondents to describe their attitudes towards ICT. This scale was developed by Albirini in 2006a and comprised of three subscales affective domain cognitive domain, and behavioral domain. Respondents attitudes were measured on a 5-point Likert-type scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). higher(prenominal) scores indicated positive attitudes towards ICT while lower scores indicated less positive attitudes.Table 2Distribution of Mean Scores on the Attitude toward ICT ScaleAs Table 2 illustrates, principals attitudes towards ICT were positive, with an overall mean of 4.05 and a standard deviation of 0.44. Principals positive attitudes towards ICT exhibit their initiation into the innovation-decision process (Rogers, 2003). It seems that Iranian principals have already gone through the Knowledge and Persuasion stages (Rogers, 2003) and are probably proceeding to the D ecision phase. As many theorists have indicated, attitudes can often foretell rising behaviours (Ajzen Fishbein, 2005). Thus, it can be concluded that principals who have positive attitudes towards ICT in education, use computer in their administrative and instructional tasks once computers become more available to them. At this stage, principals exp