Principle and Practice of Selling Essay Example for Free

Principle and Practice of Selling examineEthics whitethorn be defined as the study of what is good and bad or what is disciplinely or incorrectly. It involves moral code conduct controlling the individuals and societies. People may differ sharply about(predicate) what is good or un estimable behaviour, especially in complex, competitive areas like business. Thus, in business areas, reclaim or ruin decision making usually is based on economic criteria. Ethical predicament can arises in a situation when each alternative choice or behaviour has close to undesirable elements due to potentially negative ethical or personal consequences. Right or wrong cannot be clearly identified. In this chapter, there are four subtopics that we need to cover that consist of sales representatives morals in dealing with customers, salespersons ethical motive in dealing with their employers, salespersons ethics dealing with their competitors and also managing sales ethics. In the first s ubtopic for salespersons ethics in dealing with their employers, the salesperson should know that misusing the bon ton as tack together is one of the right or wrong behaviour.As all(prenominal)body knows, the company assets are only be allowed to be use for official purpose only. Next, the moonlighting position where approximately employees go beyond long lunch hours, taking personal phone calls and also unjustified socializing to actually moonlighting on part time jobs during the same hours they are supposed to be working(a) for their primary employer. More than that, technology theft is also part of the salespersons ethics in dealing with employers. These days, every company provides their salesperson with computers, software and data on their customers.When the salesperson quit or is fired, they can easily take advantage by taking the organizations customer records to use for their afterlife benefits. expiry but not least, affecting other salesperson is also the unethical practices of one salesperson where he or she affect other salesperson like they may take customers away from co-workers. In close subtopic salespersons ethics in dealing with customers, there are some important points that every salesperson should be alert and aware of. Bribe is where a salesperson may attempt to bequest a sullyer by offering money, gift, etc. The salesperson can be charged on a lower floor law if they do so.Apart from that, misrepresentation can be in order to win the sale, some salesperson will promise much more than they can deliver with the idea that the customers will ulterior accept some reasonable excuses. The pursueing point is tie-in sales. It occurs when a buyer is required to buy other, unwanted point of intersections in order to buy a particular line of merchandise. Lastly, price discrimination. Many salespersons may practice price discrimination to improve their sales. Price discrimination refers to selling the same quantity of the product to di fferent buyer at different prices.The next section in this chapter is managing sales ethics, which is include follow the leader, leader selection is important, establish a code of ethics, create ethical structures, encourage whistle-blowing, create an ethical sales climate and establish control systems. Follow the leader means the Chief Executives must set the example of bad and good ethics thus the employee will know better about the right ethics as salespeople. Management must also carefully choose managers with high levels of moral development, and this is what we called as leader selection.Third is about establish a code of ethics, where a formal statement of companys values concerning ethics and social issues. Beside that create ethical structures cab be divided into ethical committee which group of executives appointed to oversee company ethics and second is ethical ombudsman where official minded(p) the responsibility of corporate conscience that hears and investigates ethic al complaints and informs top management to potential ethical issues. Encourage whistle-blowing is employee divine revelation of illegal, immoral, or illegitimate practice on the employers part.Also, the top level manager must punt code of ethics to create an ethical sales climate. Lastly, establish control systems in managing the sales ethics means dismissal, demotion, suspension, reprimand and withholding of the sale commissions would be possible penalties for unethical sale practices. As an appendage to this chapter we found salespeoples ethics in dealing with their competitors beside of their ethics to customers and employers as mentioned above. Here we will converse about several salespeoples ethic in dealing with their competitors. Firstly, belittle the competitors publicly.It is unethical to belittle the competitors by picturing their product as inferior or even shoddy and worthless. To gain the trust from customers, salespeople may even indicate that competitive products are better. Second is stealing shelf space. It also unethical to turn over competitors share of shelf space placing competing products at back or crowding them together. Moreover, it could encourage the same save from competitors. Third is untruthful statement, where also unethical to salespeople to make untruthful stamen about their competitors and might ruin the salespersons temper easily.And finally tempering the competitors product which is not only unethical but also illegal for salespeople to modify competitors product, tamper with their displays and point of sale materials or reduce their product shelf space in sell store and elsewhere. In conclusion, to be an ethical salesperson we must to well known the good ethics that should be followed and what is the bad ethic that should be avoid. Salespeople that do the right things will success in future while part of them who do the wrong things might be fired one day or might face many problems especially law.

Eye Tracking in Usability Evaluation

nerve Tracking in Usability EvaluationIn this belles-lettres review I defecate talked about experiments guideed on usability of various user interfaces and de stigmas using warmheartedness- tracking. The authors of the papers focus on various types of eye movements for usability evaluations ilk saccades, savant dilation, repair, s faecespaths etc. Based on these measurements the try to infer the establish/ bea of interest of the substance abusers, layer on entry, the cognitive load etc. about the user. These conclusions help in understanding the mindset of the users which passel be prevalentised to a larger existence within the law of proximity of time and space and help in making recommendations for dampen design of the interface.Benefits of eye tracking Eye tracking has many benefits. Using eye tracking methods for usability evaluation adept can track how the users act with a accustomed interface or environment. They help in measuring the effectiveness of a op tical chemical element on the interface. The measurements recorded can give an insight into the users mind while making a decision regrading searching or navigating an interface. This can be through with(p) by measuring what users atomic number 18 kindle in, what they are ignoring and what is distracting them from their current parturiencys. They help in figuring out the Area of Interest which I a randomly determine box that may contain some in spurtation or object or potential interest to the user. The quantitative data collected by eye tracking gives a opthalmics imitation usually in the plant of heatmaps(hotspots) which help in better understanding the results. Eye tracking equipments apply now-a-days like Tobii and SMI are easy to set-up, calibrate and handle. They are unobtrusive and provided accurate real-time feedback. The fast passed usability examination of the software development intentness, test conducted using eye tracking can of valuable and effectual inp ut signal providing benefits what will help the users.Eye Tracking in Usability Evalusation A practitioners Guide 1This paper is a general guideline on the use of eye tracking apply for usability evaluation. The author talks about the specialists who conduct the take in, the metrics utilise with the testing, the protocol followed to conduct a test. They as well as talk about when eye tracking can come in handy as compared to the normal usability test which usually include heuristic program evaluation, cognitive walkthrough, checklist, remoter-usability testing, click-tracking etc. The authors talk about the different types of eye movements that are measured like saccades, neutering, pupil dilation, scanpaths etc. These movements provide a log of the visual attention of a user on the interface. It is also interesting to know that the eye tracking gadgets only track the movement of one eye, usually the dominating eye of the beholder.Saccades rapid eye movements.Fixation A linge r at a point for much than than 300ms.Scanpath established by the sequence of saccades and fixations.Most of the studies conducted analyze the fixation manakin. Which can be realized through heatmaps. Red indicates the highest level of fixation followed by green yellow. The areas which are not colored drew no attention.F-Shaped Pattern for indication network content4The author says that a eye tracking reckon was conducted on 232 users on their reading behaviour on webpages. They found a governing F shaped pattern which was undeviating among most of the users. The participants of the experiment were fond to first adhere a long horizontal gaze crossways the screen, followed by a short horizontal gaze on the area below and finally self-aggrandizing a quick vertical scan of the content of the webpage. Occasionally on that point were a few cases of an E and an L shaped pattern but mostly F was dominant with variation in the view of the horizontal bars. These patterns suggest h at usres dont read the textbook on a website line by line. They like to give a scan to see if any of the content available if of interest or not. much(prenominal) reading patterns suggest that first paragraph should contain important and catchy data. While scanning vertically users by and large users generally read the first two words of the text.Visual Hierarchy and Viewing demeanour An eye tracking pick out2The authors of this paper aim to suggest effective improvements in the design of a web page to captivate more users and to disperse important information in an effective manner. For this purpose, they dupe canvas the gazing patterns of users. The author lease tried to decipher the reason behind the F shape viewing pattern by most users which could be due to the arrangements of element on the interface or the delegate at hand. To test this they employ 4 prototypes of a webpage with each having a different visual pecking order. The prototypes differed in the form of being well structed or not and 2 had images of deal and 2 did not. 48 participants were apply for the report which were from different field of the industry and each one was given either a searching labour or a browsing task on one of the 4 prototypes. Fixation patterns using heatmaps was utilize to analyze the data. It was found that users set up more on the part of the page which is preceding(prenominal) the fold. The F shaped pattern was not apparent with any of the conditions as the website was more visually composite as compared to a text based simple website. The well structured and organized pages drew more attention. During searching users hunt to gaze in a scattered manner with more focus on the left wing look of the page where the navigation links are usually located. Browsing is less scattered with few fixations time and is usually defined within the snapper of the interface. Faces drew more attention only when they were placed above the fold of the page and during browsing. They reason out that these insights into a users viewing pattern can help make better designs for different type of websites to draw off users.No subjective ratings were apply to access users comfort while dealings with the different types of interfaces.Efficiency Trust and visual appeal Usability testing through eye tracking5The authors conducted a query on the efficiency, swear and visual appeal of a website and made recommendations on what kind of an interface would inveigle more customers to an e-commerce website and what type of user experience would make a first-time visitor a customer. The author believed that an element of social presence will give a more satisfying experience while navigating an automatise website which lack humane warmth. This accompanied with a aesthetically pleasing interface will make the users cuss the website more. To test this the authors came up with a set of tasks for the users and two dead reckoning which were related to images of mountain on a website and the visual appeal of a website. 522 users were recruited for an online study and each of them were provided with a different prototype of a website. Users were asked the visual appeal and the level of want on the website using seven point Likert scales. After performing p on the online study, authors concluded that websites with images of people are more visually appealing and in turn can a higher level of trust. It was fond that the users conduct the search from left to right. The online study was followed by an eye tracking experiment to confirm the results of the online study. They used a count heat map and a fixation heatmap. 40 were recruited for the eye tracking experiment. The experiment confirmed that images of faces are more helpful in brief attention.Gender Preferences in Web Design Usability Testing through Eye tracking6The authors of this papers tried to look into the visual predilections of male and female users. They have tried to detect he noticeability of bricklets(small box containing useful information) based on their background colour images by male and female users. Since men and woman have different notion of attractiveness, an hypothesis was made on the noticeability of the different prototypes of the bricklets. Men have a tendency to like Acheronian colors and women have a tendency to like light color. 36 participants were chosen for the study out of which 17 were male and 19 were female. 4 type of bricklets were designed with dark and light background color and with and without images. Tasks were designed in such a way so that the users were tested on their ability to detect certain kind of bricklets. It was found that twain male and female fixate less on images and more on the bricklets without images. Female users were attracted more towards the darker background bricklets and male users were not dark-skinned towards a specific colour. The study concluded that what users find appealing is n ot necessary noticeable this was back up by the discrepancy in self report retrospect and the fixation duration on the bricklets by the users.Generation Y and Web Design Usability through Eye tracking7The aim of the authors of this paper is to come up for better design recommendation for retail web sites to attract the millennial generation also knows as generation Y. This generation poses the strongest internet skills and spend around $200 a year on online retail. An hypothesis is made that Generation Y like large images preferably of celebrities and with search features and as little text as possible. Top 50 retail pages were selected. These pages were ranked on the characteristics posed by them based on the predilections of generation Y. A self report study and an eye tracking study was conducted to compare both the results. 99 participants were selected who possessed strong internet skills for the self report study. 9 participants were selected for the eye tracking experiment. The survey and the data provided by the eye tracking device supported the hypothesis made.Eye tracking in Web Search Tasks Design Implications 3The authors of this paper conducted an eye tracking usability testing for a web adit application which was developed by Oracle portal software. Seven users were selected to come six tasks for the study. The users came across 15 screens while completing their tasks and had to spend around 360 seconds to complete one task. The authors recorded the key presses and mouse clicks on the interface and eye movements like saccades and fixations and the dwell time on the Area of Interest were diligently recorded. each task started with a set of scenario and required the user to perform them based on his understanding. The results in this study were not in the form heatmaps but rather in the form of screen bitmap files, fixation file and object file. These files were amalgamated to perform data analysis. The study was performed in a genuinely tax onomical way. The authors studied the eye movements of the users at the task level because at the screen level and then finally at the object level with the focus on Area of Interest. In-depth study was conducted regarding screen visits and distribution. The authors analyzed the pattern for navigating within and in the midst of portlets and concluded that in that location is an inclination for the users to notice the portlets on the left and the stop bout part of the screen in view. The authors tried to discover a relationship between user action, survey sequence and the data derived from the eye movement.Age-related Differences in Eye Tracking and Usability Performance Website usability for Older Adults 8.The authors of this paper conducted usability study of websites through eye tracking to make design recommendations which keep in mind the needs and free of usability and navigation of older adults. 5 websites were used for the experiment. And a comparison was made on how y ou and old people interact with the environment. Around 3-7 young adults and 2-3 older adults were recruited. All of them a possessed a working friendship about using the internet. The participants were given predefined tasks and their fixations were recorded using the unobtrusive eye tracking device. The participants also change out a questionnaire to report their satisfaction level. It was found that older adults focus more on the bear on portion of the screen and ignore the information located on the peripheral areas. Cluttered periphery results in performance hindrance for the old users. The ignorance of the edge of the screen can be related to the cognitive pedigree encountered due to growing age. Older adults were less accurate and efficient as compared to younger adults. Older adults who are ususally un well-known(prenominal) with the environment get easily distracted by unnecessary elements.Seven users are very less as compared to the recommendation of 10-30 participants made by 1. There were often stements made by the authors that there is presently too little evidence to support the notion 3 suggesting that clearly 7 participants for the experiment was not enough and the results produced can be a bane to external validity. 1 also suggest to recruit 20% more participants in case there are problems with calibiratio of the equipment with the users. 2 used 48 users from different fields of the industry sector age not mentioned. 40 people in 5. 6 99 participants were recruited. 8 small number of users. Limits on generalizations made.Users were tested for their visual acuityThe users were made to sign demographic, consent and disclosure forms.The authors conducted initial training tasksThey used a direct mounted system. Although these systems are good for tasks which may require a gang of head or body movement, they are obtrusive. They obstruct a certain portion of the of the field of view of the user and can interrupt a user in hi cognitive process or task at hand as he is constantly reminded of a apparatus being setup on his head.Since this experiment was conducted in 2002 the eye tracking instruments used that time were not technologically that advanced. Therefore, a passel of time and effort went into analyzing the data. Tape recorders were used to capture users comments and a video recorder was also used for in depth analysis.While conducting the experiment it was found that one of the users took very less time to complete the task as compared to others. The authors concluded that users learned about the interface while performing the tasks. But since one of the users showed less reaction to time to the given task at hand the inference suffers from a threat to internal validity because he possessed previous knowledge about similar interface.Threats to generalizibilty as an intrusive setup was used.Dis advantages tedious, requires extensive data reduction, focus on micro-level behaviours, too much noise in the data. sca ds of work required to narrow down on the data that is neededEye tracking study is usually conducted where results of traditional software usability results are compared with that of the results from the eye tracking derived results. The traditional usability tests are usually done using five point Likert scale.In many experiments authors have concluded that users are inclined towards noticing the stop number left side of the interface. It maybe possible that users in these experiments are used to languages that goes left to right and thus are natural disposed to look at the upper left side of the screen. If there experiments were conducted on a subset of population that are used to languages that go from right to left then there could have been different results.Most of the papers have conclude that users tend to ignore important information what is located at the bottom of the page which if below the fold. It could be father investigated that is that information is accompanied w ith an image of a person then would it attract users or not.While investigating the usability of an interface mostly two types of tasks were used browsing and searching. This is because it the viewing behaviours of the users change depending on their task. In searching the users try to find a point of entry into a page and then from their he scans the near the point of entry for relevant information.In the heatmap the areas that are red could be the point of entry for those elements of the interface and the yellow and green areas in the heatmap are the surrounding locations where the users try to locate relevant information.Since the search process is majorly influenced by the factors such as, images, color and text. Designers can make use of these factors to guide the searching process of the usersA trend was found that larger images attracts more attention as compared to smaller images. This can be used to attract user attention towards information that need immediate attention.St udies suggest that images of people tend to attract more attention. For 2 more prototypes of the web pages could have be formulated and compared to see if that was really true.Heat maps are created using data from several participants and are used to analyze the pattern of fixation on an area on the interface.The findings in 2 are in contrast with the one in 4 where the author has concluded on a dominant F shaped pattern. It can be absorbed what for a text based website with a simple visual hierarchy an F shaped pattern of viewing is more visible but for websites that have a complex visual hierarchy the viewing pattern in more scattered although focusing a lot on the left side if the interface which again is dominated by the users reading style form left to right. Different results will most certainly be produced with users who are habitual in reading from right to left.In general websites with good visual appeal and easy navigation elicit trust worthiness and are major contributing factors towards an enhanced user experience.5 says that when since images attract attention, can be used to draw users attention to important information below the fold of a page. But the author of 2 contradicts this by saying that even though images of human faces were placed below they fold they attracted very little attention.5 says that there is no effect of the gender of the image of the face on the website but in ? notice a lot re spots on the heat map over the images of a female. Also, further studies can be conducted to see male images are more appealing than female image and which gender of the images attract the male users and which gender of the images attract the female users.The analysis of the heat maps performed by 5 was more structured as they used a standardized heatmap. Such a map puts a termination on the number of fixations to be considered as a red zone across different prototypes.Although in 5 the authors conclude that users trust level can be enhanced by the increasing visual appeal it should be noteworthy that visual appeal is not all that matters, functionality of a website also plays a major role.the authors of 5 said that users are attracted toward the area where the images of faces were located but little fixation on the images. This is opposed by ? where the authors have concluded that generation Y is then to fixate on the images of faces more. Then again the age difference between the participants in 5 was spread out therefore the two papers made contradictory statements. Also, since 5 is making recommendations for a e-commerce website which is mostly used by generation Y they could have narrowed down the are limit of the participants of the experiment.Papers 5 and 2 concluded that images of faces attract more attention but it maybe possible that images of different musical genre may be more effective. These images when paired with a lowers aesthetic quality webpage may not attract any attention at all.Keeping the ethical issu es in mind ,, and did not made the users sign Informed consent form and no information is provided if the participants were briefed or not.7 suggest that generation Y is more attracted towards images of celebrities. But the study may fail external validity as it has not considered the population of the people who are not familiar with those celebrities. To extend this study a search task could have been given to the users to gain a more indepth understang of likes and dislikes of generation as done ny authorss in 2 and 3.7 conducted a research on generation Y but we know that baby boomers are constitute major part of the population that uses the internet. Results form 2, 7 and 5 can be combined to make recommendations for designs that would attract more users and increase user satisfaction. These designs would generally contain more images of faces, important information will be located on top left corner of the screen. To draw attention towards the part of the page below the fold images of celebrities can be used in an effective manner.Most studies concluded that users tend to focus on the left side of the interface but the studies conducted in8 concluded that older adults ignore the left navigation area. This suggests that younger users who are more familiar with the interface know where to look at for navigation but this lack of knowledge and experience retard the performance of an older adult.To help out the tease out the age effect designers can do a dual placement where navigation information can be placed in the center and the peripherals of the screen.All the eye tracking studies performed were under a laboratory condition. Here the users are asked to perform task in which they might be interested. These results maybe different in a real world agency when users are performing tasks of their own interest and are aware that the are not being monitored.

Antimicrobial Activity of Citronella Oil

disinfectant Activity of Citr integritylla Oil background signal of StudyAccording to Tzortzakis Economakis, (2007) and Arshad et al. (2014), essential anoints are volatile, complex mixes with keep a solid smell and as well as structured by fragrant names as secondary metabolites. Essential oil dismiss be retrieved from plant parts such as buds, leaves, wood, bark, herbs, flowers, twigs, seeds and whole take by extraction technique such as steam distillation, cold pressing or extraction (Calo et al., 2015 Burt, 2004). Bakkali et al. (2008) and Calo et al. (2015) stated that essential oil components consists of two groups, terpene step up and aroma compounds. Wijesekara et al. (1997) and Hodges, (2014) in addition mentioned that terpene hydrocarbons and additionally their oxygenated subordinates, for example aldehydes, acids, alcohols, esters and ketones that presence in essential oils give the unique characters such as antimicrobial properties, antibacterial properties, an tioxidant properties and antifungal properties.Citronella oil or scientific names Cymbopogon Nardus L. Randle or C. Winterianus Jowitt is one of the essential oils which is give impactful smell and lemony (Smoron, 2001) with have blue-green leaves that develop over to a elevation of 1.5 meters tall (Hodges, 2014) and are not entirely oil but less soluble in piss (Calo et al., 2015). According to Man et al. (2012) citronella oil is well known by its character as mosquito repellent. Besides macrocosm mosquito repellent, antimicrobial properties is one of the properties that been investigate latterly (Billerbeck et al., 2001 Victoria et al., 2012). Calo et al. (2015) have summarized that essential oils and their components have been proven to have ability to restrain the true(p)ty of food and naturally contain active compound that can be found in many plants that give ability in reducing microbial growing in effective ways. Thus this finding plus with negative customer attitudes toward food preservatives made the uses of essential oil expanding in demand to be as potential natural antimicrobials. Furthermore, Calo et al. (2015) highlighted that a perfect antimicrobial would be one that is accessible in huge volumes as a secondary desirable good and safe to consume. Thus, the citronella oil is one of the criteria that suit to be a perfect antimicrobial agent.Based on purlieu Protection Agency (EPA), (1997) subscribe to, citronella oil is non-toxic and not harmful to human and animals. By inhibition of fungal growth or microbial in products, citronella oil can decrease the danger to human and animal wellness and make more demand for fruit and vegetable consumption since it can inhibit the growth of this creature. Thus, for this agent it often been proposed to do research in expanding toward the uses of essential oil.Problem StatementFood borne indisposition outbreaks that usually caused by microbial have made an attempt in reducing product safety and ca n yarn-dye market demand. It has been assessed that upward of 30% experience the food borne disease (WHO, 2014). Moreover, Acharya et al. (2011) stated that from 250 food-borne diseases microbial transmittal in foodstuff is the major disorder. Food borne diseases are the aftereffect of ingestion of foodstuffs tainted with microorganisms or chemicals and this can discover at any part in the process from food production line to consumers (WHO, 2014). Results from food borne disease is diarrhea and vomiting, this symptoms executes 1.8 million youngest consistently around the world in 2000 (WHO, 2002). A report by Sharifa Ezat et al. (2013) highlighted that fleck of cases that been reported as food poisoning caused by contamination of microbial shows higher incidence browse and number of cases compare to other disease such as Dysentery, Tyhoid, Cholera and Hepatitis A within twelvemonth 2000 until 2009.While in agriculture industry, pathogenic and toxinogenic growth are one of the major issues that can watch cannot only fresh crap but also effect human health, economic loss and ecologic security (Ru Li et al., 2013). Not only that, post harvest itself also loss their fresh disclose during the supply chain and much of this is because of fungal and bacterial disease (Sivakumar Banos, 2014) for example contamination of Aspergillus niger that produce enzymes such as cellulose, amylase and pectinase (Ru Li et al., 2013) that cause food spoilage. Thus to combat this problem especially to control plant pathogenic growths, synthetic fungicides have been utilized because it do not give bad act upon on the appearance or nature of the product (Cabral et al., 2013). Unfortunately, broad utilized of synthetic fungicides can affect human and animal that can lead to cancer, toxicity, environmental problem and long degradation period (Cabral et al., 2013 Calo et al., 2015).Antimicrobial chemical is one of the synthetic fungicides that have been used in agriculture such as redolent hydrocarbons, benzaimidazoles and sterol biosynthesis inhibitors. Fludioxonil which is phenylpyrrole and Pyrimethanil which is anilinopyrimidine are the most popular one that used to control plant disease. Unfortunately, around of these compounds are not biodegradable and unfriendly to nature because it can presence in soil, plants and water also subsequently influence people through food chain relation (Cabral et al., 2013). In spite of the item that synthetic fungicides have been thought to be the least expensive also best approach to parry postharvest disease, the unfriendly effects to nature have reduce their acceptance.Objectives of the StudyThe goals of this study is toTo investigate the antimicrobial natural process of citronella oilTo study the applications of citronella oil in foodsTo study the mechanical properties of surface PP mental picture and the control PP filmScope of StudyIn conjunction with the problem statement and objectives of the study, all a ctivities such as desk study, lab activities, data analysis and report report are conducted in one scope of study. The scope of study can be portrayed asi)Laboratory activitiesPP film preparationWhere the coating solution forget be prepared and after preparation of coating solution the PP film exit be coated with the coating solution.Fruit sample and E. coli sampleThe PP film that been coated with solution is then tested on the bacteria growth sample and the fruit sample.ii)Data analysisMeasure the zero inhibition zoneAfter the sample left for 5 days the clear zone will be organise around the PP film for the bacteria growth sample. The length of clear zone will be measured. evaluation on fruit sampleThe PP film that been coated with solution is then tested on the fruit sample by wrapping the fruit sample. The condition of the fruit sample will be evaluated. machinelike propertiesThe strength of coated PP film and the uncoated PP film will be identifying with an appropriate mac hine.iii)Report writingPreparation full reportAfter getting the result from lab test, the discussion of the result will be made and prepared.Presentation of project reportThe study that been made along the semester 1 and semester 2 will be present in front of the panels.

Four Functions of Business: Case Study of Asda and Kwik-Fit

Four Functions of Business Case Study of Asda and Kwik-Fit run shorting(a) playing aras of backup operationIntroductionThis paper studies four distinct functions of teleph peerless circuit and how they interrelate. The chosen aras atomic number 18 kind resources, scattering, selling and guest function.Human ResourcesThe function of human resources is to provide a focus and scheme for the efficient counsel of business employees. Employee management is a primary task of modern corporations. If not dealt with appropriately, employees discount do good an adverse effect upon the success of the business (Alan Price 2003). Employee satisfaction affects to each one(prenominal) areas of the business. For example, if an employee is happy at thrash it leave alone battle array in the client assist they provide. It withal facilitates promote the business, unloosen the marketing and promotional material message and underwrite the smooth running of the distribution fu nction.DistributionDistribution is the function by which the join on or service is moved from the manufacturer to the end user (P. Kolter 1991), ultimately the consumer. This can be represented by physical distinguishs, such as transportation and storage or, in a service industry, the method by which that service is packaged and cedeed. A breakdown in the distribution action affects customer serve, as the business whitethorn not be able to deliver the product or service required. The marketing function would be undermined, as promises made cannot be kept. Ultimately, this situation would de-motivate employees, as they are the ones receiving consumer complaints. market telling marketing and promotion is essential as a method of ensuring the message regarding products or services attracts the guardianship of the consumer. (George Belch 2004). The marketing function is to deliver a message that is seen, believed and remembered. A successful marketing fly the coop is heavily reliant upon the power of other(prenominal) business functions. If the business cannot deliver the goods, customers showament stop audience to the promotional message. Similarly, if the employees have not received training in customer care, a marketing move suggesting consumer care is par count go away not be believed.Customer goDelivery of customer services is probably the most crucial function. The consumer adds value to the success of the business by purchasing their product or service (Sean Kelly 2005). T here(predicate)fore, every business has to build and brinytain a close relationship with consumers. They have to deliver what the customer needs at a quality and price that meets their requirements. In a competitive marketplace, the congeal beam of customer service is essential if a business is to achieve a suppurateth in market share.Two organisations, Asda Plc., and Kwik-Fit Insurance Services have been chosen to demonstrate how these functions work in practice.A sdaThe Asda supermarket drawstring is a subsidiary of the American Wal-Mart retailer, one of the UKs leading supermarket chains, with over 150,000 employees.Human ResourcesAsdas HR schema is built on the basis that every employee (All about Asda, 2006) plays a bit in making the business a success.To achieve employee satisfaction, retention and succession, Asda runs a programme that provides training covering every area of the business, including in-store and external processes, as healthful up as caller policy and customer care. The business is committed to achieving in house succession and to promote this aim, it includes management training as part of its HR programme (See Asda Web position provision page).Understanding the need for employees to feel an affinity with the business, Asda encourages cater to take an active part in work meetings, which take place in-store, regionally and nationally, where views can be expressed and discussed. The core of its HR function is to gain the best from employees by encouraging involvement with the business at all levels.DistributionAsda kit and caboodle closely with suppliers to maintain efficient distribution services. This run acrosss levels of goods required are fed through warehousing stubs and to individual stores in a manner that maintains consistent product availability for customers. To allow for regional variances, the business delegates an element of the distribution decision-making process to local store management.MarketingFaced with changing consumer demands (Sean Kelly 2005), Asda now focuses its marketing and promotion on the dual aspect of quality at the right price. This has enabled the business to achieve second position inside the grocery industry.Customer ServicesAsda has consistently sought to mitigate its customer services. In addition to module customer care training Asda has expanded the product range throughout its stores. Internet shopping and intricacy of till services, includi ng self-service options, are other areas of the business where customer service improvements have been introduced.Kwik-Fit Insurance ServicesKFIS is an insurance call centre based in Glasgow. Although it was founded with the view to concentrating on the motor industry insurance, the business has expanded into to a greater extent general areas of insurance.Human ResourcesTo compete with other local call-centre operations, KFIS had to completely revise its HR dodge. This was partially achieved through improving the working environment. Like Asda it introduced training programmes to improve employee standards and encourage involvement. In addition, KFIS operates a guardian angel scheme (Jill Boulton, 2004), where existing staff act as mentors to impertinent recruits. It also appoint a minister of fun, to organise staff social activities. The success of these mensurations has been reflected in business payoffs.Distribution contrasted Asda, KFIS does not have a need for a physical di stribution function. The distribution element here is to ensure the insurance products offered are designed to match consumer requirements. As the service KFIS offers is distributed through call centre operators, the importance of staff and producer knowledge levels is essential in distributing the correct range of products to the end user.MarketingWhilst much of its marketing is directed through Kwik-Fit auto centres, and dependent upon the quality of their service, a significant residuum of promotion is undertaken through advertising and the call centre operators. For example, when engaging with a customer an operator may attract them to other insurance products. In this business the interaction between employee and customer is an integral part of the marketing process (George Belch 2004).Customer ServicesThe customer service aspect of KFIS is more promptly tieed to the reaction of the employee than with Asda. In a call centre situation consumers instantly judge the services th ey are receiving by their perception of the operator. The operators reaction, explanation and provision of the most appropriate product, and efficiency of service, provide determine whether the customer is satisfied and get out remain loyal to the business. HR director (Keren Edwards 2006) believes that the system in place in the business is contributing to the success in terms of customer retention. findingFrom the information at bottom this paper it is clear that every function described is dependent upon, and influenced either positively or adversely by the others. If one function, for instance, customer services, does not perform at its most efficient, the result provide affect the other functions. Customers will stop believing the marketing, resulting in fewer products sold, parts of the distribution function becoming redundant and a reduction in employee moral and efficiency.ReferencesAll about Asda (2006). Asda People. Asda Plc. Retreived 19 January from http//asdacares. gpalm.co.uk/people/people_load.htmlArmstrong, Michael (2006). A Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice. Kogan Page. UK.Price, Alan (2003). Human Resource Management in a Business Context. Thomson Learning, UK.Kotler, P. (1991). Marketing Management. FT Prentice Hall, 7th Ed. UKBelch, George. E (2004) Advertising and Promotion An interconnected Marketing Communications positioning. McGraw-Hill Inc. U.S.Kelly, Sean. (2005) Customer intelligence From Data to Dialogue. John Wiley Sons Ltd., UKBoulton, Jill (2004). Kwik-Fit hires fun guy to keep staff smiling. The Scotsman, Friday 21 May 2004.Edwards, Keren (2006). Keep Fit Scheme. People Management Scheme. UK. 6th April 2006.Caff Nero Strategy and Balanced batting orderCaff Nero Strategy and Balanced ScorecardIntroductionThe aim of this essay is to design a dodge and cardinal match identity cards for a coffee shop social club called Caff Nero to compliment their mission statement. This will be through with(p) after con ducting extensive secondary research to gain a clear insight into what a equilibrise scorecard involves as healthful as looking into how Caff Nero operates. This will hopefully provide knowledge of potential benefits and difficulties to consider when attempting to successfully implement scorecards for both Headquarter and Store Levels for Caff Nero. In addition to this, for each scorecard, a strategy map is used to demonstrate how each key performance indicator (KPI) contributes to the general vision of the company. at long last both levels are therefore assessed on its contributions to Caf Neros strategy and a conclusion is drawn on the main points outlined throughout the essay.What is the Balanced Scorecard?Kaplan introduced the balanced scorecard in 1992 with the aim to translate strategy into action, he stated,The balanced scorecard translates an organisations mission into a comprehensive set of performance bars that provides the framework for implementing its strategy. ( Kaplan Norton, 1996 p88).Having unsounded an organisations vision and strategy, the balanced scorecard aids to develop creative accusatives to helper measure performance. These accusatorys can be split into four main sides Financial, Customer, Internal Business Process and Learning and Growth all of which link together to form a strategy map.Implementation of the Balanced Scorecard Benefits and difficultiesBourne Bourne (2007) presents reasons to wherefore once implemented the balanced scorecard can fail. It is beneficial for Caff Nero to be conscious of potential problems that may arise in the tight future when implementing their balanced scorecards. Looking at the difficulties and problems portrayed by theorists and other organisations experiences should present Caff Nero with a competitive advantage. The opportunity of being able to use other organisations failures and theorists advice to over spot the issues presented is valuable. It is in particular important as larg e amounts of time and money from the company are being invested into this performance management mother fucker.One potential problem is the complexity of the system, resulting in unachieved objectives which will affect the overall vision and strategy of Caff Nero. Organisations are faced with de- cause staff as they steer away from the main objectives that are originally assigned. Although, this is a common problem for the majority of companies when introducing the scorecards, Caff Nero is aware of this problem and can therefore take this into consideration throughout the design stage. In particular consideration would be beneficial, in terms of the strategy map when linking the objectives together, so that they are easy to follow and comprehensive for the whole company. As for overcoming the complexity issue, Caff Nero can focus on their employees with training, conferences, group and one to one meetings to ensure that every employee inwardly the organisation fully understands w hat a balanced scorecard is. Their objectives and how they are being measured as well as how each perspective inter associate in achieving Caff Neros strategy.Drury (2004) suggests another obstacle with the scorecard, he identifies that the assumptions of the cause and effect relationships are being excessively vague as well as lacking empirical support. Further research has concluded that is it difficult to link non pecuniary data with future financial performance if at all. Caff Nero needs to consider this, as their main objective is to achieve future tax revenue growth both within the UK and internationally. So perhaps with measures and objectives that are assigned, should be more focused around revenue and financial aspects where possible.An additional difficulty concerning the perspectives shown within the management tool is that it does not factor in other aspects of the business to arrest customers, employees, suppliers and other environment perspectives. Although Caff Ne ro is not dependant to adding additional perspectives, it could complicate the scorecard further making it difficult to achieve all objectives assigned and whatever may overlap with existing objectives.Traditionally, when implementing a scorecard the assumption is, the decisions sit with the senior management throughout the design stage as they fully understand the ins and outs of the organisation. Although this may be the case, it is not always in the best interest of the organisation to design a scorecard that only looks at all levels of the business from a top heavy approach. To overcome this Caff Nero can be smart and ensure that all operable representatives of their hierarchy from store-level to headquarter level are included within the design. This in turn will show teamwork in working together to understand where each individual fits in to the overall strategy in order to meet the companys objectives.Although the scorecard demonstrates various difficulties that Caff Nero s hould be aware of. Not all is negative the on-going popularity of the balanced scorecard from other organisations fixs it extremely hard to not notice some of the benefits of this management tool.One important distinction of the scorecard is its use of effectively combining all the separate elements of the company into one simple determine, with help from the strategy map. The tool is also able to help employees and the company to understand how everything interlinks and contributes to the overall strategy. For example, looking at how employees from Caff Nero store-level are able to contribute and work with headquarters objectives by improving customer service at store-level in aid to visit customer complaints for headquarter level at the other end. This management tool is also enabling managers to consider all objectives and measures together as a whole by looking at the bigger picture. Therefore Caff Nero can take advantage of these benefits and make necessary improvements to the salutes of the company with cost reductions at headquarter level.Lynch (2009) comments that the real benefit of the scorecard is the linkage between strategy and implementation. Most theorists implore that the main goal of the majority of organisations is a form of shareholder value added. Caff Nero should consider this when implementing both scorecards. By looking into both quantitative and qualitative measures within the strategy, they should hopefully determine the expectations of their shareholders within performance measures in their strategy and scorecards to achieve growth in shareholder value.Caff Nero StrategyGrant (2008) outlines various strategies an organisation can adopt when trying to achieve growth. Having viewed this, Caff Nero is more geared towards a business strategy, as it concerns the company with competing within a particular coffee shop market. To prosper within this market it is important to concentrate on establishing a competitive advantage over riva ls.To support this Caff Nero should base their strategy around product differentiation, by providing customers with quality ranges of espresso that is exclusive to Caff Nero stores, will only contribute to concreting a competitive advantage for the company. It also works on shielding Caff Nero from their prices being levelled down to the bottom part of the price spectrum, due to potential competitive price wars of the same product between their competitors. This is an important strategy to implement as due to the increase of popularity of coffee shops it is likely for these price wars to occur. As a result, Caff Nero can look to improve further, with the quality of their products as well as launching invigorated products in the future as part of their strategy. This can be achieved with product innovation to cater to larger consumer base within the market, hopefully contributing to the growth in both revenue and size within the UK and internationally.Caf Nero is well known for its acquisition of Aroma which increased the amount of sites they owned to 106 by 2002 this made them the largest independent owned coffee shop. The company now has 400 stores direct in various locations within the UK, Turkey and the Middle East. Caff Nero should now look towards the future of the company, by expanding the numeral of sites owned. Therefore it is important that part of the strategy should reflect in achieving expansion both internationally and UK based. Caff Nero will incorporate this in the scorecard within the financial perspective at headquarter level, as Kaplan and Norton (1996) states that the designing of the strategy of the company is combined with the process of the balanced scorecard.However Caff Nero may be faced with great difficulty with trying to implement their strategy due to the diversity of locations they operate in. As it is harder to standardise a scorecard for all site levels throughout the business internationally, as culture and expectations of cu stomers and employees may be different throughout locations. This can be said the same about different locations within the UK. For example Londons objectives may incorporate a faster pace of service to compliment their busy, on the go customers in comparison to another site in a quieter location that may prefer much more of a mellow approach, at a slower pace and friendlier atmosphere where everyone is a community. Caff Nero tries to incorporate all of these elements within the overall strategy.Balanced Scorecard Strategy MapThe following models demonstrate Caff Neros scorecards for both headquarter level and store-level. As well as strategy maps to illustrate how each objective will link together. It is important to note that although the scorecards produced are for the same company, they may differ in objectives for each level, to incorporate all personnel throughout the company. Objectives of headquarter level will focus more on the overall performance of the company, in terms of how they can grow in revenue, size and customers. The model will also focus on innovating products and retention rates of employees and customers. Where as, with the store-level objectives will be more centred around individual stores in terms of customer service, delivery clock and empowering and motivate staff with training and incentive programmes. Once the following scorecards have been implemented for Caff Nero, it is then important to ensure that everyone throughout the company understands the balanced scorecard and where they are contributing to achieving Caff Neros vision. As well as considering how all of the objectives from each level will interlink between the two scorecards. This can be done through training centres, conferences and meetings.Scorecard EvaluationHaving designed both scorecards (Figure 1 and 2) an evaluation will be conducted to research both the correspondingities and differences presented within each models. Additional to this, reenforcement evi dence will add weight to justify reasons for selecting objectives and indicator to contribute to Caff Neros overall strategy.Financial PerspectiveThe first objective shown in the financial perspective (figure 1 2) is revenue growth this relates to achieving an increase in growth in some form or another. To drive revenue growth Caff Nero objectives concentrate on diversifying into new markets internationally and within UK. As well as branching out into new customer markets and increase the number of stores owned by Caff Nero. severally of these objectives chosen all tie in with Caff Neros overall strategy of expansion of the business in the near future.The key performance indicators incorporated into this perspective help to measure each objective for the company. The main similar measure here is (F1 F4) percentage of increase in revenue growth in the overall company and individual store-level (F5). To achieve these objectives they would have to be based upon implementing bonus an d incentive schemes for employees so that they are motivated to achieve targets set. They would also need to target larger segments of new customer markets by advertising in new locations such as near to universities to appeal to students or offices to appeal to the working customers. However a drawback of this measure is due to the population suffering from the effects of the recession and the economy resulting to a decrease in disposal income. Meaning growth in revenue for Caff Nero will be delicate as new potential customers may not be as opened to trying new coffee shops then their norm as well as lifestyle changes that will affect the amount of revenue that each store generates. This is why a mark up % was not included in aid to trammel other problems such as the affect on shareholder value, as incorporating percentages would put further insistency on the company in case they were unable to achieve resulting to shareholders expectations to decline.Another important objective within the financial section is (F6) improve operational efficiency, which is reducing wastage costs for the business. It is important to achieve this objective as it saves the company money and better for the environment. This can be done by providing more awareness of how to reduce wastage i.e. not leaving taps of water on just for the convenience element for coffee shops. be aware of waste problems presents benefits as in turn this will maintain the companies overall brand project, which links in will the customer perspective (C3 figure 1) of maintaining brand image.Customer PerspectiveIt is important to measure this objective (C3), as it involves the public with collating feedback and results in reference to how the general public perceive Caff Nero as a company. This objective also gives the company an opportunity with participating in charity and environmental work that will help several organisations as well as portraying a better image for the company. This is with the fu nction to increase in revenue and customer satisfaction, as customers like to be obscure in supporting good causes. This is why it was important to incorporate this within the headquarter scorecard.Figure 2 also looks at customer retention (C5), customer satisfaction (C6) and customer profitability (C4) as main objectives to achieve. Each of these objectives link with each other, for example if the customers are satisfied with the service and products offered by staff then they are likely to come back time after time. Creating customer loyal will result in increasing customer retention rates hopefully leading to customer profitability. Therefore ensuring customers are provided with great customer service and high standards of quality products will cement this relationship with customers and employees. Where the employees are concerned this is incorporated into the internal process and learning and growth perspectives.It is significant to note that both levels differ in objectives a s the store-level is more involved with direct customer improvement as they adopt a more personal approach with more of a face to face relationship. Therefore objectives will be focused around the service element. In comparison to the headquarters that will look more to indirectly improving service by site quality, reducing complaints and activities involving improving brand image. However one similarity between them is that they are measured by customer feedback in one form or another.Internal Business Processes PerspectiveThe first objective presented in figure 1 is (IP1) innovating products involved, this objective is important for businesses to maintain as their strategy and brand image pride themselves on producing unique high quality products in espresso and food. Therefore it is important for Caff Nero to innovate new products in order to compete within such a popular market. To measure this objective Caff Nero will look at increase in sales from new products in order to meas ure if they are successful or not. For that reason employee should be aware of the new products that are useable by crack them at pay out areas in order to advertise new products, which links into objective (IP4) growing internal product knowledge. This will be achieved by daily staff meeting and work booklets to test staffs knowledge. Again, this perspective demonstrates some similarities between figures 1 2. Objectives are set to improve on delivery times for customers (IP2 IP5), this is aid of achieving high quality of service to link to customer satisfaction (C6), retention (IP3) and profitability (C4). If customers are dissatisfied they will go elsewhere which will affect growth in revenue (F1). To measure delivery times, focus as obtain comparing where Caff Nero are in terms of the market, as customers will have a certain level of expectations. However if Caff Nero are able to excel over this, it will create customer satisfaction which in conjecture will lead to more busi ness from that customer. to a fault by ensuring there is a balanced customer to employee ratio in each site helps to improve delivery and customer service for customers as waiting times will decrease.Learning and Growth PerspectiveThis area focuses on employees in terms of creating objectives to maintain training, in aid of retaining employee loyalty (LG1), improving both job and employee satisfaction (LG2), increasing employees capabilities in skills (LG4) as well as motivating and empowering employees (LG5). In theory these objectives should participate to maintaining a customer centric focus (LG3).Within this perspective, there are many differences between the scorecards as store-level focus on individual needs of employees to drive employee satisfaction. In comparison to headquarters which looks at overall achieving programmes to assist employee satisfaction, presenting a common objective in both scorecards. To measure these objectives appraisal and one to one meetings are used to assess their performance and how to improve in growth in revenue for the business. Each level is assessed by individual employees at store-level and individuals stores for headquarter level.Olve (2003) looked into how incentive and reward programmes can be aline with scorecards in order to promote realization of intended strategy. This has been incorporated into the learning and growth stage of the scorecards. In aid to attract employees attention, to perform well at store level, contributing to the overall objective of increasing revenue growth for the company.Although there are many differences between the models as each scorecard targets a different audience, it is important to note that they both interlink to together to achieve Caf Neros objectives. As store-level focuses on direct customer service it is important that they get it right to achieve sales, retention as well as maintain a happy working environment for staff as getting these objective help to achieve objectives set for headquarter level. In terms of employee retention, training programmes, customer profitability and satisfaction as well as product innovationConclusionTo summarise the main points of this essay, it is essential to consider the information available in order to successfully design and implement a scorecard for a company. As statics show that 70% of balanced scorecards fail due to lack of research within their own individual company and the scorecard.The second point was to fully understand what Caff Nero wanted to achieve in regards to their strategy, as it is vital to not incorporate everything as this will only present more problems then benefits.Thirdly, when designing the scorecards for Caff Nero, it was crucial to ensure that they were easy to follow for all members of the organisation, as every objective interlinks and filters up the model in a form of a chain. If one objective is not met then this will affect the rest of the model creating a cause and affect relations hip throughout the scorecard. For example consequences may lead to losing customers due to bad customer service, lack of high quality products and product knowledge due to limited training.As to measurements within the scorecards Caff Nero tried to be realistic so that they are able achieve their strategy as kafkaesque measurements can disadvantage a business, as the costs of implementing balanced scorecards is a large investment to make as large amounts of money and time is needed. It is also important that Caff Nero adopted a trial and fracture approach so they could keep reviewing their scorecards to ensure they were aligned with their strategy. Overall a balanced scorecard is an affectional management tool to translate strategy into a vision.Word Count 3299

Role Of Concurrent Engineering Information Technology Essay

Role Of Concurrent Engineering Information technology EssayConcurrent engine room is basic al unitedlyy a overlap bring onment method and is quite opposite from the traditional ripening approach as it employs simultaneous rather than sequential work at. The companies implementing CE feel that by terminate tasks in parallel harvest-time development is accomplished more efficiently and it overly saves cost.This is basically a guidance philosophy and any organization or company can implement this whether it small, medium or large. This is a systematic approach to the structured coinciding design of products and their related work outes including cook up and support. The work is d one through cross in operation(p) groups in which engineers and managers of distinguishable disciplines work together concurrently in developing product and sue design.Basic motive of this approach is that it cause the developers from the outset to consider all elements of the product lif e cycle from concept disposal which includes terms compar fit tonicity, cost, schedule and user requirements.Concurrent engineering process is also cognise as iterative development method. It requires continual review of a group ups come on and frequent revision of render plans. The rationale behind this creative idea is forward looking approach which is beneficial because errors can be discover easily and they ar less costly to correct at sign stages.How to know whether the concurrent engineering is for a useicular company or not?The fol diminisheding factors help to determine this-If the company faces any manikin of below given problem-If on that point is competitive pressure to develop new-sprung(prenominal) products.If on that point exists any kind of delays in product launch. cypher of developing product is higher than acceptable.Customer requirements atomic number 18 not know clearly.No guide of knowledge from one product development retch to the next.Any k ind of shifting of responsibility for product development from one function to another.Above were the factors that enable us to determine that whether the company requires adopting the process of concurrent engineering for product development or not. It is very key to know that whether the company has ability to implement the process in there company. Belows are the factors that help to learn that whether the organization will be able to implement the required process in there company or not.Is there willingness to switch over for improvement in the company?Is senior focal point that committed and dedicated to work?Able to encourage and support police squad work.DIAGRAMMTIC REPRESENTATIONPRODUCT SPECIFICATIONMARKETINGCONCEPTENGINEERI-NG DESIGN synchronicPROCESSDETAILENGINEERI-NG DESIGNBUILDPRODUCT ENGINEERING evidenceTEST ENGINEERINGMANUFACTUREPURCHASINGSELLSALESThe in a higher place mentioned is the diagrammatic representation of process which includes product specification, c oncept, details, build-up, testing, manufacturing and selling too. The processes as shown in the diagram are two way processes errors are also simultaneously checked as thus its name is concurrent process.Key features of concurrent engineeringDESCRIPTION OF CEThis is a systematic approach to the integrated product development which emphasizes response to customer expectations and embodies aggroup values of cooperation, dedicate and sharing in such a manner that decision reservation proceeds with large intervals of parallel working by all life-cycle perspectives synchronized, by comparatively brief ex adjustments.INCLUSIONSThings are through with(p) simultaneouslyProcess is the of import focusCompany is open to switchNeeds of customers, providers, quality control, grocery storeing, gross sales and manufacturers are balanced and prioritized.GOALS OF CEGreat competitionLeads to improved getSales and benefits from new products are raisedLeads to reduction of kind and capital beMaintains or increases product qualityPromotes aggroup smelling and different departments come togetherSCOPE OF CEThe process change is implemented within 1-2 years.Involvement of people with stakes in new productsFocus is basically on process improvements.STRATERGIC BENEFITS OF CONCURRENT ENGINEERINGCE is a management philosophy which is dedicated to the improvement of customer enjoyment through improved quality and pared costs. The development time also reduces. Time to market also reduces and leads to reconciliation of conflicting requirements in product development.DIFFICULTIES IN IMPLEMENTATIONBelow are the difficulties which companies normally face go implementing CE-Implementation is a major challenge.Cross functional change initiatives have high rates of failures.It involves fundament cultural change in an area that is extremely complex and pressurized.If management does not support the employees or there is inadequate reward systems or say customers or supplier in volvement is not good.Computer aided designs and tools are no available.If there are inadequate training and expertness.If company faces difficulty in managing or controlling technical processes.SUCCESS FACTORS IN IMPLEMENTING CEPilot projects intensify agents group enrolmentTeam engagementGaining commitment of functional managersRealignment of organizational processes and structures.PILOT PROJECTSThese projects are a popular way to achieve radical changes to current working practices on small organization, where conditions are controlled and are managed by seniors or project leaders. Introduction of pilot projects was done to reduce the get over of initial changes within organization and also to evaluate potential impact. By this method high aims of implementation cost, risk and time can be reduced.There are two sub- brokers of pilot projects. The first one is pertain with endurance of right pilot. It is easier to select the appropriate project such that it is tripping to dem onstrate as success. But what happens in some organizations is that senior management is under time constraints and also sometimes the next project is separate as project. There are organizations that select pilot projects that are of low risk to organization and this is primary(prenominal)ly done to reduce overall failure.The here and now sub component deals with the visibility and promotion of the project within the familiar organization. Mostly the organizations consider pilot project as high profile. This leads to organizations profit margins, creates newness to market and senior managements sweats in internally symbolizing the project by the usage of posters, newsletters and all these activities improves overall competitive market position.CHANGE AGENTS alternate agents demonstrate the senior management understanding of the amount of time and effort required in implementation of concurrent engineering successfully. Internal change agents include engineering champions, prod uct champions, and organized change teams of individual from different levels of the organization containing both part time and full time members. somewhat have hierarchical change agents. It helps to change peoples values and behaviors.TEAM adjustmentConcurrent engineering involves the process of bringing together knowledge and expertise from different areas in early phases of product development process. Team development leads to improvement of informal communication and functional integration.The team members and leaders selection is done in informal and unstructured manner. This involves two important processes team engagement is the very first process includes how team members and leaders are selected and how they are located to work as a team unit. The trice process is of empowering the team to carry out its product development activities successfully. The two main elements are assignment of new agencys and responsibilities for team members and leaders.TEAM useTenure of Team Leader and Team MemberFunctional skills and expertise are not required at a consistent level throughout the project and in most organizations the combination of full-time and part time team members.CollocationThe permanent collocation of core team members from different functional departments and the team leaders and dispersion of the extended team members was the most prevalent method of improving multi-disciplinary interaction.TEAM EMPOWERMENTTeam empowerment incorporates clarifying team leaders and roles of team members and their responsibilities. Sometimes team leaders roles and responsibilities are generated through forma methods. The main purpose is to clarify the team members and leaders their roles and responsibilities within team working environment.In some of the organizations this is done basically to keep the employees focuse and thus help them achieve there objective. This proves to be quite beneficial in the two early product development stages that are product sp ecification and project plan.GAINING COMMITMENT OF operational MANAGERSIn organizations senior management and internal change agents tended to use functional managers to gain information. In some of the cases educators and informants of concurrent engineering are delegate home functions.REALIGNMENT OF ORGANISATIONAL PROCESSES AND STRUCTURESThe changes are implemented in following areas-Introduction to process improvement teamsEducation and training for teamsReward and recognition systemMethods to transfer team knowledgeEXTRA ROLES OF CONCURRENT ENGINEERINGOver the pull round few years, there are many government sponsored and intiated studies have highlighted the quest for the improvement of efficiency and competitiveness of the UK building industry.This is done because it leads to reduce costs, project durations, improved quality, project procurement practices that are used in UK construction industry.It brings together multi disciplinary teams in which project developers from d ifferent areas work together and parallel.These cross functional contains systems engineering, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, systems producibility.This process incorporates everything also the purchasing, marketing, production, quality assurance, the field and other functional groups.The implementation of CE involves three main areas which are people, process and technology. It includes major organizational changes because it requires the integration of people, business methods and technology.It has great role in concurrent engineering in Weapon ashes Acquisition.There is greater role of concurrent engineering in tender-hearted resource management.It is useful as a collaborative method for educational projects in engineering education.Role in education project is that it helps in setting up clear goal and peg down project boundaries for students and teachers, it helps define good structures for information handling, especially for supervisors and introduce a cl ient role that continuously could define project requirements.There is greater role of concurrent engineering in the purchasing power.Companies that have implemented concurrent engineering report that they are producing higher quality products at lower costs and in less time than they were able to previously.It involves self management and leadership.CE plays an important role in product modeling.It also plays a brisk role in system engineering management.EXAMPLES OF CONCURRENT ENGINEERINGgeneral electric aircraft engines divisions uses concurrent engineering for the development of engine. The teams achieved greater percentage reductions in design and procurement cycle times during full scale component tests.Second example is that of Boeings Ballistic Systems Division where concurrent engineering was used in 1988 to develop a mobile launcher and was able to reduce design by 40% and cost by 10% in building proto-type.Third example can be of Polaroids Corps Captiva arcsecond camera which is again the result of concurrent engineering.ADVANTAGESConcurrent engineering practitioners conduct that this design management system offers several benefits.Concurrent Engineering leads to alter customer satisfactionImproved quality reduce costReduced new product development timeReduced time to marketDISADVANTAGESThere are some drawbacks associated with the initial implementation of concurrent engineering, including the motif for considerable organizational restructuring and extensive retraining of workers.Such potentially luxuriant changes and added work requirements may be met with resistance from managers and other employees.Also, there are usually considerable difficulties in transferring data among employees in different departments, which may require the additional tracking software applications. In addition to these probative up-front investments, organizations pursuing a concurrent engineering work model must(prenominal) typically wait several years before seei ng the benefits of this transition.

Analysis Of Mobile Communication Communications Essay

Analysis Of fluent Communication dialogues EssayWireless parley has be cope a ubiquitous reference of modern life, from global cellular peal schemas to local and even personal- ara networks. This record book provides a tutorial introduction to digital officious radio set chat networks, illustrating supposititious underpinnings with a wide range of real- humanity examples. The book begins with a review of reference phenomena, and goes on to examine tune in totallyocation, modulation techniques, multiple access schemes, and coding techniques. GSM and IS-95 governances be reviewed and 2.5G and 3G packet-switched systems are discussed in detail. Performance analysis and accessing and scheduling techniques are covered, and the book closes with a chapter on wireless LANs and personal-area networks. Many worked examples and homework put to works are provided and a solutions manual is available for instructors. The book is an ideal text for electrical engineering and computing machine science students taking courses in wireless communications. It allow to a fault be an invaluable reference for practicing engineers.Wireless communication engineering science is diff victimisation around the planet faster than any other(a) communication technology to date. Because communication is at the namet of human activity in all domains, the advent of this technology, allowing multimodal communication from anywhere to anywhere where thither is the take away infrastructure, is supposed to commence profound affectionate effects. Yet, which kind of effects, under which conditions, for whom and for what is an out-of-doors question. Indeed, we recognise from the history of technology, including the history of the Internet, that people and organizations end up using the technology for purposes very different of those initially sought or conceived by the designers of the technology. Further much, the more a technology is interactive, and the more it is li kely that the users become the producers of the technology in its actual practice. Therefore, rather than projecting dreams and fears on the kind of lodge that will result in the future from the widespread use of wireless communication, we must root ourselves in the observation of the present using the traditional, quantity tools of scholarly research. People, institutions, and business have suffered enough from the unwarranted prophecies of futurologists and visionaries that project and tell whatever comes to their minds on the basis of anecdotal observation and ill mum schoolings. Thus, our aim in this report is to ground an informed discussion of the social uses and social effects of wireless communication technology on what we know currently (2004) in different areas of the world. We would have like to consider but information and analyses produced within the rigorous standards of academic research. This constitutes a good semblance of the genuine examined here. The rise of nomadic communicationMobile communication has flabby into society at a rate that is unprecedented. On a world basis, thenumber of mobile phones rose 24% between 2000 and 2005. According to the world(prenominal) Telecommunications Union (ITU), in that respect was about one border subscription for every three person in the world (2005).2 At the same cartridge holder there were about half as some(prenominal) who had access to the intent (ITU 2005). The highest borrowing rates are found in Europe where there are approximately 82 subscriptions per one C persons. In Oceania (Australia, New Zealand, etc.) there are 69, and in the Americas there are 52 subscriptions per 100 persons. quest this Asia had 22 subscriptions per 100 and Africa had 11. duration the adoption rate in Europe has levelled off, there is an almost Klondike like atmosphere in many other countries. The harvest-tide rates in India and China are far above 50% per year. In addition, growth in sub-Saharan A frica often tops 100% and whatevertimes even 200% per year.3 Thus, in the last decade we have seen the widespread adoption of a new form of communication.One of the strange aspects of mobile communication is that it changes the locus of interaction. Whenthinking of landline telephony, we call to special locations. The metaphor is that we call to a personshome, their work or to some other physical location in the hopes that the individual is someplace nearby.Mobile communication and mediated ritualThis new channel of interaction allows more nuanced forms of micro-coordination (Ling and Yttri2002). It provides us with various forms of safety and security (Ling 2004 Baron and Ling forthcoming) as well a different slips of phatic interaction (Ling 2005b). In short, the mobile telephone allows us to elaborate and develop cohesion that is often generated in copresent situations. This is not to say that consanguinitys back be founded and developed in the absence of copresent intera ction. While there are examples of friendships and communities that have been fostered and developed exclusively via mediated interaction dating all the way back to telegraphy (Standage 1998), for all concrete purposes social interaction needs copresent interaction in order to blend into a cohesive form, this process can be aided through and through the use of mediated interaction. Thinking, for example of romantic relationships, the meeting of individuals, their wooing and the cultivationof a common sense of involvement is largely a copresent activity. Following the discussion above, it is similarly a heavily ritualized interaction. There is the need to come into contact and there is the need to engender a mutually recognise sense of the relationship. The couple goes through a series of stages as they fancy into a more intense and intimate sense of their coupled locating (Ling 2000). Muchof the process has to do with the mapping of common interests and the development of a mu tual senseof trust. The assembly of the group, the use of tie signs (Goffman 1971) the shaping of a mutual focus of tutelage, the development of a common argot or set of symbols and the building of abarrier to outsiders are all part of founding an intimate relationship (Collins 2004, 193 Berger andKellner 1964). Mediated interaction, and in particular interaction via the mobile telephone is an obvious channel of communication that can be drawn into this work. In survey material from Norway, for example we see that in an interestingly asymmetric determination that 50% of teenager girls and 32% of teen boys reported that they had flirted on a weekly basis via the mobile telephone.5 This finding underscores the role of the mobile phone in this process. Indeed the mobile telephone is well designed for the purpose. It is a technology of the individual. It allows for the communication of both co-occurrent and asynchronous messages directly between the concerned individuals and these messages need not be observed by others.6 During the establishment of the relationship the mobile telephone provides a channel through which the interests of the individuals can be mapped and the intensity of the nascent relationship can be explored. This might overwhelm simple information regarding which type of music they like or the timing of their next assignation. It might likewise include risqu pick up lines and perhaps the exchange of pro-vocative or quasi-provocative photos. This contact, on with copresent interaction play into distributively other as the couple moves toward the establishment of a coupled identity.TYPES OF SYSTEMIn a mobile communication system at least one of the transceivers is mobile. It may be on board a vehicle that can move at high speeds, or it may be a handheld unit utilize by a pedestrian. Basic types of systems include base/mobile, peer-to-peer, repeater, and mobile air systems. In a base/mobile system, a base situation connected to a cust omary network communicates with a mobile unit. This gives the mobile unit access to the public network. More than one mobile at a time can be supported if a different channel (such as a narrow band of spectrum) is assigned to distributively user. In most systems, channels are assigned to users as undeniable rather than giving each user a dedicated channel that is reserved for that user at all times. This is called trunking and allows large numbers of users to be supported with a limited number of available channels, with a teensy-weensy probability that any given call will be occlude because all channels are busy. Cellular telephony uses the base/mobile configuration to give mobile users access to the public switched telephone network. In peer-to-peer systems, mobile units communicate directly with each other. Mobile units sharing a frequency channel can communicate with one another, and independent conversations can take place on different channels. Many amateur, and most CB ra dio contacts fit into this peer-to-peer model. In peer-to-peer systems, a mobile can sometimes hear only one of two other mobiles that are using a channel, when a total of three users are active. In this system, all users distribute on one channel and listen on a abet channel. The repeater, a transceiver that is located at a high point, retransmits the signals with greater cater on the second channel. In this system, all users can communicate with each other using one pair of frequencies. A repeater system allows communication over a much greater range than in a direct peer-topeersystem. Repeaters are used for public services and some amateur radio operations at VHF and UHF frequencies. A variation is a trunked radio system that uses several frequency pairs and assigns a frequency pair for each conversation between mobiles. A trunked system can support many more users than the number of frequencies available because all users typically do not operate at once. In a mobile satellit e system, one or more satellites relays signals between a mobile user and an earth-based base station or gateway that connects to the public switched network. The large distances and high speeds of the satellites introduce some difficulties, but a system of this type can provide worldwide coverage. Characteristics of wireless LANsAdvantages very ductile within the reception area Ad-hoc networks without previous planning possible (almost) no wiring difficulties (e.g. historic buildings, firewalls) More robust against disasters like, e.g., earthquakes, fire or users draw a plug Disadvantages typically very low bandwidth compared to wired networks (1-10 Mbit/s) 10-4 compared to 10-10 in fiber optics many proprietary solutions, especially for higher bit-rates, standards take their time (e.g. IEEE 802.11) products have to follow many national restrictions if working wireless, it takes a transform long time to establish global solutions like, e.g., IMT-2000 Interfenece ConclusionsWi reless and mobile communication is currently a hot topic and it is thus serious to include it in the education of computer and telecommunication engineers. The benefit of teaching wireless mobile communication in a virtual course is that students from polytechnics all over the country, and also from foreign polytechnics, can share and participate in the same course without being physically present. Since students from several different polytechnics participate, feedback and development suggestions are retrieved in a much larger perspective, compared to in an knowledgeable course, which results in a higher quality of the course material. The labor of a virtual course is, however, a much more demanding task than the production of a traditional internal course. Experts, like graphical designers, have to be included in the production team. The graphical layout of the learning environment is burning(prenominal) in order to make the learning and browsing of the course material interes ting and easy as well as to lead the students attention to the essential parts. Before the course is in its final form many prototypes have to be tested and feedback from the students is needed. A proper choice of computer software and IT technology is necessary. A sufficient and realistic budget is also essential. Teaching and learning in a virtual course is also more demanding than in an ordinary course. Students cannot directly interact with the course instructor in the same way as during lectures and teacher assisted exercise sessions. Email and newsgroups is not enough for assisting students since they dont provide direct communication. It is thus important to provide the students the possibility to use real-time E-communication channels such as text, voice, and video chat.REFERENCEhttp//partners.nytimes.com/library/tech/00/07/biztech/articles/05talk.htmlhttp//www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/threeg/ceareportoct2000.pdfhttp//www.business2.com/b2/web/articles/0,17863,513551,00.htmlhtt p//weatherhead.cwru.edu/pervasive/composition/UBE%202003%20-%20Yoo.pdfhttp//jite.org/documents/Vol3/v3p189-217-038.pdfhttp//informingscience.org/proceedings/InSITE2006/IISITBerg205.pdfhttp//lib.tkk.fi/Diss/2005/isbn9512279819/isbn9512279819.pdfhttp//www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/S4B/sem02.htmlhttp//www.gsmworld.com/services/messaging.shtmlhttp//www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/statistics/http//journal.fibreculture.org/issue6/issue6_proitz.html.http//www.160characters.org/documents/SocialEffectsOfTextMessaging.pdf

Metodologi atau kaedah

Metodologi atau kaedahPengenalanMetodologi atau kaedah yang digunakan dalam sesebuah kajian merupakan suatu bentuk kawalan dalam memperolehi data dan maklumat supaya mampu menjawab objektif-objektif yang digariskan dalam kajian yang dijalankan ini. Untuk lebih jelasnya, bab ini akan menjelaskan kaedah yang digunakan dalam kajian stres dalam kalangan pelajar sekolah menengah persekolahan satu sesi di daerah Nebong Tebal. Secara khususnya bab ini menerangkan metodologi kajian yang meliputi reka bentuk kajian, populasi kajian, sampel kajian, persampelan, instrumen kajian, kesahan kebolehpercayaan, kajian rintis dan penganalisisan data.Reka Bentuk KajianMenurut Sulaiman Masri (2003), reka bentuk penyelidikan ialah perancangan yang menentukan cara penyelidikan yang dijalankan untuk menemukan jawapan kepada permasalahan penyelidikan yang telah ditetapkan pada bab I. Dalam kajian ini, pengkaji menggunakan kaedah kuantitatif yang dijalankan secara tinjauan (survey) terhadap responden kajian yang terlibat.Lokasi KajianLokasi kajian ini terhad kepada sebuah sekolah menengah satu sesi yang terlelak di daerah Nibong Tebal.Populasi dan Sampel KajianPopulasi kajian ini adalah terdiri daripada pelajar tingkatan 2 di sebuah sekolah menengah satu sesi yang terletak di Daerah Nebong Tebal. Pemilihan pelajar tingkatan 2 ini adalah kerana mereka tidak terlibat dengan peperiksaan awam yang boleh mengganggu mereka. Seramai 60 orangutan yang terdiri daripada 30 orang lelaki dan 30 orang perempuan dari sekolah satu sesi tersebut telah dipilih mengikut prosedur persampelan rawak. Menurut Chua Yan Piaw (2006), prosedur persampelan rawak mudah digunakan untuk memastikan setiap unit atau subjek dalam populasi mempunyai peluang yang sama untuk dipilih sebagai responden kajian.Instrumen KajianMenurut Fraenkel dan Wallen (2007)The term instrumentality refers to the entire process of collecting data in a look investigation.(Hlm 144)Instrumen yang digunakan dalam kajian ini terdiri daripad a satu set soal selidik yang dibahagikan kepada dua bahagian, iaitu bahagian A (5 items) yang berkaitan dengan Demografi responden. Bahagian ini terdiri daripada jantina, jarak ke sekolah, pergi ke sekolah, skor awal tahun dan skor akhir tahun. Bahagian B mempunyai 25 items yang berkaitan tentang tekanan pelajar tentang persekolahn satu sesi dan kesan yang dialami oleh pelajar akibat persekolahan satu sesi.Skala pengukuran yang digunakan dalam bahagian B adalah jenis likert yang terdiri daripada lima skor utama seperti berikut 1 = Amat tidak setuju.2 = Tidak setuju.3 = Kurang setuju4 = Setuju.5 = Amat Setuju.Kajian RintisKajian rintis (pilot study) merupakan kajian sejarah kecil-kecilan yang dilaksanakan sebelum kajian sebenar dilakukan (Chua Yan Piaw, 2006). Dalam kajian ini, pengkaji menjalankan kajian rintis yang bertujuan untuk mendapatkan maklumat awal berhubung kesahan dan keboleh percayaan instrumen yang dibina. Item-item ini dalam soal selidik telah diuji bagi memastikan sa ma ada terdapat kekeliruan, kesukaran menjawab, ketidak jelasan, salah faham, dan lain-lain interpretasi yang tidak jelas. Sampel yang terlibat dalam ujian ini terdiri daripada 60 responden di sebuah sekolah yang berhampiran dengan sekolah kajian. Hasil kajian rintis ini mendapati bahawa semua item dalam bahagian B (Faktor stress dan beban belajar) yang berunsur positif perlu digugurkan dan digantikan dengan item yang lebih sesuai mengikut objektif kajian ini.Kesahan dan KebolehpercayaanKajian rintis (pilot study) juga telah digunakan untuk menguji kesahan soalan kajian. Borang soal selidik telah dianalisis bagi melihat darjah kebolehpercayaan (cronbach important). Ujian kebolehpercayaan (reliability test) dilakukan terhadap soalan yang berkaitan dengan faktor stres, kesan stres dan beban belajar kepada kesihatan diri dan kehidupan dalam keluarga. Kepentingan ujian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tentang item soal selidik yang disediakan mempunyai kebolehpercayaan yang tinggi.Kesesuaia n soalan telah dinilai dari segi kefahaman pelajar terhadap tatabahasa, kandungan dan masa yang diambil untuk menjawab semua soal selidik tersebut. Menurut Mohd Majid Konting (2004), pekali kebolehpercayaan yang lebih daripada 0.60 sering digunakan. Oleh itu, nilai alpha yang digunakan untuk ujian kebolehpercayaan ini ialah 0.60.Hasil kajian ini mendapati bahawa soalan faktor stres, kesan stres dan beban belajar kepada kesihatan diri dan kehidupan dalam keluarga mempunyai kebolehpercayaan yang tinggi. Jadual 3.1 di bawah menunjukkan hasil yang diperolehi daripada ujian kebolehpercayaan yang dilakukan.Jadual 3.1 Nilai alpha ujian kebolehpercayaan (reliability test) faktor diri dan latar belakang kehidupan dalam keluarga. Stres yang disebabkan oleh faktor diri, interpersonal, dan organisasi adalah sebagai berikut Analisis DataPengkaji menganalisis data dengan menggunakan statistik deskriptif bagi menjawab soalan-soalan kajian. Data daripada borang soal selidik akan dianalisis menggun akan program SPSS for windows version 15.0 untuk mendapatkan kekerapan (frekuensi) dan peratusan bagi setiap soalan kajian. Data kajian diwakilkan dalam bentuk jadual dan genus Raja serta dibuat tafsiran umum. Manakala analisis data dibuat dengan membandingkan peratusan tertinggi dan terendah serta nilai skor min dan skor piawai bagi setiap soalan kajian.KesimpulanDalam kajian ini, pengkaji telah menggunakan kaedah soal selidik sepenuhnya untuk mendapatkan dapatan kajian daripada responden yang dipilih secara rawak tentang faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan stres dan beban belajar dan kesan stres dan beban kerja kepada kesihatan diri dan kehidupan dalam keluarga. Sebuah sekolah menengah harian satu sesi di daerah Nibong Tebal telah dijadikan lokasi kajian dan 60 responden telah dipilih sebagai sampel kajian yang terdiri daripada 60 pelajar daripada sekolah menengah tersebut. Hasil dapatan kajian ini akan disenarai dan dihuraikan secara terperinci dalam bab 4 akan datang.